ReSources

ReSources

Sources: Bibliography, References and Resources 

These sources have been used in shaping the themes and building the content in this site.

“2 initiative bills will face voters.” (1934). The Oregonian. July 9, 1934. AANP Position Paper Review Committee. (2010).

AANP House of Delegates provisional position paper timeline. House of Delegates Rules.

AANP Position Paper Review Committee. (2010). American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) House of Delegates (HOD) position papers action table (Rep.).

Abbott, A. (1991). “The order of professionalization: An empirical analysis.” Work and Occupations. 18(4):355-384.

Abhyankar, R. (2020). On the Seat of the Soul: Descartes’ Pineal Gland. Neurology April 14, 2020; 94 (15 Supplement).

Academic Collaborative for Integrative Health: www.acih.org

Achterberg, J. (1990). Woman as Healer. Boston, MA: Shambhala.

Adams, J., Andrews, G. J., Barnes, J., Broom, A. and Magin, P. (eds.) (2012). Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine: An International Reader. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

Adams, T.L. (2013, November 30). “Regulation and deregulation in the Canadian naturopathy profession.” Presented at the ISA RC52 Interim Conference on Challenging Professionalism, The School of Economics and Management (ISEG):Lisbon, Portugal. Session A7: Challenging professionalism in times of professional (de)regulation.

Adams, J., and Steel, A. (2019). “Future-Proofing the Field of Naturopathy Research: Nurturing International Research Leadership in an Evolving Profession.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):133-134.

Adams, T.L. (2013). “Regulation and deregulation in the Canadian naturopathy profession.” London, ON, Canada. Presented at the ISA RC52 Interim Conference on Challenging Professionalism, The School of Economics and Management (ISEG):Lisbon, Portugal, November 30, 2013. Session A7: “Challenging Professionalism in times of professional (de)regulation.”

Adams, T.L., and Etherington, N. (2015). “The emergence of naturopathy in two Canadian provinces: British Columbia and Ontario, 1920-1970.” Histoire Sociale/Social History, 48(96):215-244.

Adler, Shelley R. (2002). “Integrative Medicine and Culture: Toward an Anthropology of CAM.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly. Dec;16(4):412-414.

Agassi, J. (1964). “The Nature of Scientific Problems and Their Roots in Metaphysics.” In: The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy. M. Bunge (Ed.) pp. 189-211. New York and London: Free Press and MacMillan.

Agocs, Steve. (2011). “Chiropractic’s Fight for Survival.” Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics. 13(6):384-388.

Ahmed, K.S. (2008). “Arabic medicine: contributions and influence.” In: Proceedings of the 17th History of Medicine Days. University of Calgary, Calgary, AL. Accessed March 21, 2014: http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/47472/1/2008_HMD_Ahmed.pdf

Aidall, I. (1897). The German Nature-Cure, and How to Practice It. London: Nichols.

Al-Ghazal, S.K. (2004). “The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the Middle Ages.” J Int Soc Hist Islamic Med. 3(6):9-11. Accessed July 20, 2019: https://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/The_Valuable_Contributions_of_al-Razi_in_the_History_of_Pharmacy.pdf

Al Ghazal, S.K. (2007). “Ibn al Nafis and the discovery of the pulmonary circulation. Manchester, UK: FSTC Limited. Accessed July 20, 2019: https://muslimheritage.com/uploads/Ibn_al-Nafis_and_Discovery_of_Pulmonary_Circulation1.pdf

Aldrich, L.C.; M. Belle Brown, Editor. (1905). “Chapter IV. New York Medical College and Hospital For Women.” In: King, WH. History of Homœopathy and Its Institutions In America. New York, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company.

Alfonso-Goldfarb, Ana M. Waisse, Silvia, and Ferraz, Marcia H.M. (2013). “From Shelves to Cyberspace. Organization of Knowledge and the Complex Identity of History of Science.” Isis, 104:551-560. [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/673274]

Allsop, J., and Saks, M. (Eds.) (2002). Regulating the Health Professions. London: Sage.

Almeida, Joana. (2012) “The Differential Incorporation of CAM into the Medical Establishment: the Case of Acupuncture and Homeopathy in Portugal.” Health Sociology Review 21:22-25.

Altschuler, G.C., and Blumin, S.M. (2009). The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

American School of Naturopathy. (1944, December 28). New York, NY. (Letter).

Anderson, J.W. (1895). “Introductory Address at the Opening of the Session in the Royal Infirmary School of Medicine: On the Vis Medicatrix Naturae.” Glasgow Medical Journal. 20(5):321-331.

Anderson, L. (1989). Iowa Pharmacy, 1880-1905: An Experiment in Professionalism. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.

Anderson, R.T. (1983). “On doctors and bonesetters in the 16th and 17th centuries.” Chiropractic History. 3(1):11-15.

Anderson, S.L., and Lang, D.A. (2015). (Letter to Bastyr University community, May 18, 2015). Kenmore, WA. (Letter).

Angel y Espinós, Jesús. (2010). “Andrés Piquer and the Neo-Hippocratic Teaching of Medicine in Eighteenth Century Spain.” Studies in Ancient Medicine. 35:461-474.

Angeletti, L. R. (1991) “Views of classical medicine. Theurgical and secular rational medicine in the healing-temples of ancient Greece.” Forum (Genova). 1(2):1-11.

Appleton, N. (2002). Rethinking Pasteur’s Germ Theory: How to Maintain Your Optimal Health. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Arikha, N. (2007). Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

Aschner, Bernard (1941). “Neo-Hippocratism in everyday practice,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 10(2):260-271.

Aschner, Bernard. (1943) “The utilitaristic approach to the history of medicine. (What can the practising physician learn from historical methods of healing?).” Bulletin of the History of Medicine.13(3):291-299.

Association of American Medical Colleges. (2017). Professionalism in Medicine and Medical Education, Volume II: Foundational Research and Key Writings, 2010–2016. Washington, DC: Academic Medicine.

Athanassakis, A.N., Transl. (2013). The Orphic Hymns. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Aucoin, M., Cooley, K., Knee, C., et al. (2019). “Naturopathy Special Interest Group Research Capacity and Needs Assessment Survey.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):189-195.

Auffray, C., and Noble, D. (2009). “Origins of Systems Biology in William Harvey’s Masterpiece on the Movement of the Heart and the Blood in Animals.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2009 Apr; 10(4):1658-1669.

Aulus Cornelius Celsus. (1935). De Medicina [On Medicine]). (W.G. Spencer, transl.). (vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Baas, J. H. and Handerson, H.E. (1889). Outlines of the History of Medicine and the Medical Profession. New York, NY: JH Vail.

Baer, Hans A. (2009). Complementary Medicine. Maleny, Australia. (PDF)

Baer, Hans A. (2009). Complementary Medicine in Australia and New Zealand: Its Popularisation, Legitimation and Dilemmas. London: Routledge.

Baer, Hans A. (2008) “The Emergence of Integrative Medicine in Australia: The Growing Interest of Biomedicine and Nursing in Complementary Medicine in a Southern Developed Society.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 22(1):52-66.

Baer, Hans A. (1992). “The potential rejuvenation of American naturopathy as a consequence of the holistic health movement.” Medical Anthropology. 13(4):369-383.

Baer, Hans A. (2013). “The status of women in naturopathy: A view from the United States and Australia.” Health Sociology Review. 22(2):186-199.

Baer, H.A., and Sporn, S. (2009). Naturopathy around the world: Variations and political dilemmas of an eclectic heterodox medical system. New York, NY: Nova Science, Inc.

Baer, H.A., Beale, C., Canaway, R., and Connolly, G. (2012). A dialogue between naturopathy and critical medical anthropology: What constitutes holistic health? Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 26(2):241-256.

Baer, H.A. (1989). “The American dominative medical system as a reflection of social relations in the larger society.” Social Science and Medicine. 28(11):1103-1112.

Bailey, S.A. (2015). History of Naturopathic Medicine (1927-1990) in the Northwest; compiled by C. H. Jayne. May 30, 2015. Portland, OR. (PDF document)

Baldwin, C.M., Kroesen, K., Trochim, W.M., and Bell, I.R. (2004). “Complementary and conventional medicine: a concept map.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(1):2.

Barker, J. (1748). An essay on the agreement betwixt ancient and modern physicians – or a comparison between the practice of Hippocrates, Sydenham, Galen, and Boerhaave, in acute diseases. Intended to shew, what the practice of physick, in such distempers, ought to be. London: G. Hawkins.

Barkin, S.L., Fuentes-Afflick, E., Brosco, J.P., and Tuchman, A.M. (2010). “Unintended consequences of the Flexner report: women in pediatrics.” Pediatrics, 126(6):1055-1057.

Barnett, R., and Baker, D. (1969). They Weep On My Doorstep. Beaverton, OR: Halo Publishers.

Bartley, W.W. (1964) “Rationality Verses the Theory of Rationality.” In: Bunge, M. (Ed.) The Critical Approach to Science and Philosophy. London, Free Press.

Bartoš, H. (2015). Philosophy and Dietetics in the Hippocratic On Regimen: A Delicate Balance of Health. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.

Baruch, S. (1895). “Kneipp’s water cure in the light of medical history.” New York Medical Journal, 62, 522-525.

Barzansky, B. (2010). “Abraham Flexner and the era of medical education reform.” Academic Medicine. 85(9):S19-S25.

Beardsley, M.C. (1962) “The Metaphorical Twist. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research XXII:293-307.

Beattie, W. (Ed.) (1969). The English Experience: Its Record in Early Printed Books published in Facsimile, A Catalogue of the First 143 Volumes reproducing all of the Title Pages. Amsterdam/New York: Theatrvm Orbis Terrarvm and Da Capo Press.

Béchamp, A. (1911). The blood and its third anatomical element: application of the microzymian theory of the living organization to the study of the anatomical and chemical constitution of the blood and to that of the anatomical and physiological causes of the phenomena of its coagulation and of its other spontaneous changes. (M. Leverson, transl.). Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel.

Bechtel, W., and Richardson, R.C. (1998). “Vitalism.” In: E. Craig (Ed.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge.

Beck, J .B. (1850). “An Historical Sketch of the State of Medicine in the American Colonies.” Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of New York, Albany, New York: Weed Parsons and Co, 45-46.

Becker, H. (1962). “The nature of a profession.” In: National Society for the Study of Education (Eds.) Education for the Professions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Beckman, J., Fernandez, C., and Coulter, I.D. (1995). “A Systems Model of Health Care: A Proposal.” J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 19(3):208-215.

Beer, A.M., Uehleke, B., Wiebelitz, K.R. (2013). “The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing.” Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 521879. (Review)

Beideman, R.P. (1995). “Oakley Smith’s schism of 1908: The rise and decline of naprapathy.” Chiropractic History. 14(2):44-50.

Beideman, R. P. (1983). “Seeking the rational alternative: The National College of Chiropractic from 1906 to 1982.” Chiropractic History. 3(1):17-22.

Beier, L. McCray. (1987). Sufferers and Healers: The Experience of Illness in Seventeenth-Century England. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Bell, John; Bell, Sir Charles; Godman, John Davidson (1827). The Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body. Glasgow: Collins & Co.

Bell, Iris R., and Koithan, Mary. (2006). “Models for the study of whole systems.” Integr Cancer Ther. 2006;5:293-307.

Bell, Iris R., and Schwartz, Gary E. (2013) “Adaptive network nanomedicine: an integrated model for homeopathic medicine.” Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 5(2):685-708.

Bellavite, P., Arruda-Silva, F,, Marzotto, M. (2021). “The Science of the “Simile”.” OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine. 6(3): 023; doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2103023. https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-06-03-023

Bellucci, E. (2005). Trotula of Salerno. Accessed November 10, 2009: http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/trotula.html.

“Benchmarks for Training in Naturopathy: Benchmarks for training in traditional/complementary and alternative medicine: benchmarks for training in naturopathy”. [n.d.] World Health Organization. Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44355

Beneduce, Chiara and Vincenti, Denise. (Eds.) (2018). Oeconomia Corporis: The Body’s Normal and Pathological Constitution at the Intersection of Philosophy and Medicine. Pisa, Italy: Edizioni ETS.

Benezet-Torras, Núria. “The Pure Priest of Sekhmet, Between Health and Disease.” Third International Conference on Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt. Barcelona, October 25-26, 2018.

Benson, F.W. (1909). Articles of Incorporation of the Oregon Association of Naturopaths. (State of Oregon, Office of the Secretary of State). Salem, OR.

Benton, E. (1974) “Vitalism in Nineteenth-Century Scientific Thought: A Typology and Reassessment.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. (5):17-48.

Bergson, H. (1911). Creative Evolution. (L’Évolution Créatrice, French, 1907) transl. Arthur Mitchell. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.

Bergson, H. (1920). Mind-energy: a collection of essays and lectures. (L’Énergie spirituelle, 1919). New York, NY: McMillan.

Bergson, H. (1946). The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics [La Pensée et le mouvant, 1934] New York, NY: Citadel Press.

Berlant, J.L. (1975). Profession and Monopoly: A Study of Medicine in the United States and Great Britain. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Berliner, H. (1985). A System of Scientific Medicine: Philanthropic Foundations in the Flexner Era. New York, NY: Tavistock.

Berman, A. (1956). “Neo-Thomsonianism in the United States.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. April 11(2):133-155.

Berman, A. (1956). Social roots of the 19th century botanico-medical movement in the United States. Actes du VIII Congres International de’Historie des Sciences, Bolonga, 561-565.

Berman, A. (1954). The heroic approach in 19th century therapeutics. Bulletin of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. 321-327.

Berman, A. (1951). “The Thomsonian movement and its relation to American pharmacy and medicine.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 25, 405.

Berman, A. (1958). Wooster Beach and the early eclectics. Medical Bulletin (Ann Arbor, Mich.):24(7):277.

Bernard, C. (1865). An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. (H. C., Greene, transl., 1927). London, UK: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.

Bethge, P. (2012). “Heilkunst der antike.” Der Spiegel, Sep 10, 37, 126-127.

Bigelow, J. (1835). A Discourse on Self-limited Diseases. Delivered before the Massachusetts Medical Society at their Annual Meeting. Boston: Nathan Hale.

Bigelow, J. (1867). Modern Inquiries: Classical, professional, and miscellaneous. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.

Billroth, T. (1924). The Medical Sciences in the German Universities: A Study in the History of Civilization. The Macmillan Company.

Biskman, L. (1987). “Doctors and Witchdoctors: Which Doctors Is Witch? – I” BMJ. 31 Oct 1108-1110.

Blacher, P. (1992). “The evolution of higher education in chiropractic: A survey 1906-74.” Chiropractic History. 12(1):37-42.

Blackmer, J. (2007). Professionalism and the Medical Association. Ferney-Voltaire, France: World Medical Association.

Blackstock, Uché. (2024). Legacy: A Black Physician Reckons with Racism in Medicine. New York City: Viking.

Blake, E., and Chaitow, L. (2008). Naturopathic Physical Medicine. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd., pp. 57-73.

Blake, E. (2004). A History of Naturopathic Medicine. (Unpublished Word Document).

Blake, E. (2006). “RE: it’s all Greek to me.” 2006, January 18. (Text document).

Blois, M.S. (1988). “Medicine and the nature of vertical reasoning.” N Engl J Med. 31;318(13):847-51.

Bloor, D. (1971). “The Dialectics of Metaphor.” Inquiry. 14:430-444.

Blumer, L. (1910). “The Revolution in Medical Practice.” Naturopath and the Herald of Health. 15(4):195-210.

Bonamin, Leoni V. and Waisse, Silvia. (2014). “Biology and sign theory: homeopathy emerging as a biosemiotic system.” Journal of Medicine and the Person, Apr;13(1):18-22. [http://paolobellavite.it/files/15-JMAP-3-BonaminBiology.pdf]

Bonnard, J.-B. (transl., Doherty, L.E.) (2013 ). “Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians.” (transl., Doherty, L.E.) Clio: Femmes, Genre, Histoire. 37:19-37.

Bonner, T.N. (1995). Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750-1945. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Boon, H., Stewart, M., Kennard, M.A., and Guimond, J. (2003). “Visiting family physicians and naturopathic practitioners: Comparing patient-practitioner interactions.” Canadian Family Physician, 49, 1481-1487.

Booth, E.R. (1924). History of Osteopathy and Twentieth-century Medical Practice. Memorial Edition. Cincinnati, OH: Caxton Press,

Boucher, J.A. (1964). “The Nature Doctor.” The Naturopath. 2(10):8.

Boucher, J.A. (1981). “The Future of Naturopathy.” Journal of the John Bastyr College of Naturopathic Medicine. 2:40-44.

Boucher, J.A., and Liebmann, R. “History of the National College of Naturopathic Medicine to 1973.” (Audiotape).

Bouras-Vallianatos, Petros. (2020). Innovation in Byzantine Medicine: The Writings of John Zacharias Aktouarios (c.1275-c.1330). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bouras-Vallianatos, Petros. (2020). “Theories on pneuma in the work of the late Byzantine physician John Zacharias Aktouarios.” In: The Concept of Pneuma after Aristotle. Sean Coughlin, David Leith, Orly Lewis (Eds.) pp. 365-399. Berlin: Edition Topoi.

Boyd, Linn J. (1936). A Study of the Simile in Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel.

Boylan, P. (1922). Thoth, the Hermes of Egypt. A Study of Some Aspects of Theological Thought in Ancient Egypt. London, UK: Humphrey Milford.

Boyle, Eric W. (2013). Quack Medicine: A History of Combating Health Fraud in Twentieth-Century America. Praeger.

Boyle, Wade. (1988). Herb doctors: Pioneers in Nineteenth Century Botanical Medicine. East Palestine, Ohio: Buckeye Naturopathic Press.

Bradford, E.G. (1916). Health and the Planets or Medical Astroscopy. Herald of Health. 548-551.

Brauchle, A. (1951). Die Geschichte der Naturheilkunde in Lebensbildern [History of Nature Cure in Biographies]. Stuttgart, Germany: Reclam Verlag.

Brauchle, A. (1937). Naturheilkunde in Lebensbildern. Leipzig, Germany: Verlag.

Brauchle, A. and Grote, L.R. (1938-1940). Ergebnisse aus der gemeinschaftsarbeit von naturheilkunde und schulmedizin [Results of the cooperation between nature cure and Orthodox medicine]. Leipzig, Germany: Reclam.

Breeden, J.O. (1974, April). “Thomsonianism in Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 82(2):150-180.

Brennan, M.J. (1983). “Perspectives on chiropractic education in medical literature, 1910-1933.” Chiropractic History. 3(1):25-30.

Brinker, Francis. (2004). Complex Herbs – Complete Medicines. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications.

Brinker, Francis. (1995). Eclectic Dispensatory of Botanical Therapeutics, Volume 2. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications.

Brinker, Francis. (1998). “The Role of Botanical Medicine in 100 Years of American Naturopathy.” Herbalgram. Spring 42:49-59. (https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/herbalgram/issues/42/table-of-contents/article561/) 

Brinker, Francis. (2000). The Toxicology of Botanical Medicines. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications.

British Medical Association. (1986). Report of the Board of Science and Education on Alternative Therapy. London: BMA.

British Medical Association. (1993). Complementary Medicine: New Approaches to Good Practice. London: BMA.

Brown, P.S. (1988). “Nineteenth-century American health reformers and the early nature cure movement in Britain.” Medical History. 32,174-194.

Brown, P.S. (1985). “The vicissitudes of herbalism in late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Britain.” Medical History. 29(1):71-92.

Brown, E. Richard. (1981). Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. University of California Press.

Brown, T.M., and Fee, E. (2002). “Walter Bradford Cannon: Pioneer physiologist of human emotions.” American Journal of Public Health. 92(10):1594-1595.

Browne, Edward G. (1921). Arabian Medicine, Being the Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered at the College of Physicians in November 1919 and November 1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buchanan, S.M. (1981). The Doctrine of Signatures: A Defense of Theory in Medicine. (P.P. Maycock, Jr., Ed.). New York, NY: Harcourt Brace and Company.

Budden, K. (1934, August 8). Letter to R.L. Johnson. Western States College, Portland, OR. (Letter).

Budden, W.A. and Budden, P. (1928) A Pocket Guide to Physiotherapy Technique and Treatment. Chicago: Self-published.

Budden, W.A. (1937). “Basic science legislation: An examination into its origin, purpose and effects.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 41(1):26.

Budden, W.A. (1946). “Economic rivalry vs. public health.” National Chiropractic Journal. 16(4):7, 8, 46.

Budden, W.A. (1935). “Medical propaganda: Aided by B.J. Palmer, defeats health care amendment.” Chiropractic Journal. 1(1):1.

Budden, W.A. (1945). “The process of chiropractic education.” National Chiropractic Journal. 9:58.

Budge, E. A. W. (1928; reprint, 1978). Herb-doctors and Physicians in the Ancient World: The Divine Origin of the Craft of the Herbalist. Chicago, IL: Ares Press.

Bund Deutscher Heilpraktiker BDH e.V. Repräsentative Umfrage. [n.d.] Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://www.bdh-online.de/repraesentative-umfrage-jeden-tag-gehen-in-deutschland-128-000-patienten-zum-heilpraktiker/

Bundesministerium der Justiz. Heilpraktikergesetz. [n.d.] Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/heilprg/BJNR002510939.html

Burditt, A.M. (2006). “Defining family medicine as a scientific discipline.” Canadian Family Physician. 52(10):1206-1207.

Burr, H.S., and Northrop, F.S.C. (1935). “The electrodynamic theory of life.” Quarterly Review of Biology. 10:322-333.

Burrow, J.G. (1977). Organized Medicine in the Progressive Era: The Move Toward Monopoly. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Burwick, Fredrick, and Douglass Paul, eds. (1992). The Crisis in Modernism. Bergson and the Vitalist Controversy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bütschli, O. (1901). Mechanismus und Vitalismus. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.

“By-Laws of the A.N.A. of Nebraska.” (1935). Naturopath and Herald of Health. December:369-370.

Bynum, W.F. (2001). “Nature’s helping hand.” Nature, 414(6859):21.

Bynum, W.F. (1993). Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. New York. NY: Cambridge University Press.

Bynum, W.F., and Porter, R. (Eds.). (1987). Medical Fringe and Medical Orthodoxy, 1750-1850. London, UK: Croom Helm.

Cafferata, G. Lee. (1981). “The ideology of the American medical profession: An attribution perspective.” Social Science and Medicine. Part A: Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology. 15 (5):689-699.

Callahan, D. (ed.) (2002). The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Accommodating Pluralism. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

Campbell, J. (1983). Historical Atlas of World Mythology: The Way of the Animal Powers – Mythologies of the Primitive Hunters and Gatherers. New York, NY: Alfred van der Marck Editions.

Campbell, J. (1988-1989). Historical Atlas of World Mythology: The Way of the Seeded Earth – Mythologies of the Primitive Planters. New York, NY: Alfred van der Marck Editions.

Campbell, C., Snider, P., Quinn, S., and Bedell, B. (1998). National Plan to Advance Integrated Health Care. Bastyr University, American Preventive Medical Association and American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. Report submitted to Sens. Tom Harkin (D-IA) and Tom Daschle (D-SD).

Cannon, W.B. (1939). The Wisdom of the Body. 2nd ed. New York, NY: WW Norton & Co.

Cannon, W.B. (1923). Traumatic Shock. New York: Appleton.

Cant, S. and Sharma, U. (1999). A New Medical Pluralism? Alternative Medicine, Doctors, Patients and the State. London: UCL Press.

Cantor, David. (1993). “Cortisone and the politics of empire: imperialism and British medicine, 1918-1955.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Fall;67(3):463-493.

Cantor, David (Ed.) (2002). Reinventing Hippocrates, The History of Medicine in Context. Aldershot, Ashgate: Routledge.

Caplan, A.L. (1992, March). Does the philosophy of medicine exist? Theoretical Medicine. 13(1):67-72.

“Carroll has been announced to speak before the ANA convention that July.” (1932). The Seattle Times. April 24,1932:1.

Carroll, Otis G. (1951). 2nd Vice President’s Message. Journal of American Naturopathic Association. 4(3):5.

Carroll, Robert V. (1948). Unity and progress. Journal of the American Naturopathic Association. 1(4):3.

Carpenter, W. B. (1850). “On the Mutual Relations of the Vital and Physical Forces.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140:727-757.

Carrick, Paul (2001). Medical Ethics in the Ancient World. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Carroll, O.G. (1948). “From the Office of the ANA President: Pseudo-Group Once Again Misleading the Naturopathic Field” (Official ANA Bulletin, January 25, 1948:7-8) The Naturopath and Herald of Health.

Castelli, H. (2016). What does ‘Hippocrates’ mean? The Historiographical Construction of the Greek physician as the “Father of Medicine.” The Postgraduate Journal of Medical Humanities. 3:39-51.

Caton, R. (1900). The Temples and Ritual of Asklepios at Epidauros and Athens. London: C.J. Clay and Sons.

Castiglioni, Arturo. (1941). A History of Medicine. E.B. Krumbhaar, Transl. and Ed. New York: Knopf.

Cawadias, A.P. (1931). “Neo-Hippocratism”. The British Medical Journal. 2(3696):869-869. (http://www.jstor.org/stable/25341238)

Cawadias, A.P. (1950) “Théophile de Bordeu: An Eighteenth Century Pioneer in Endocrinology.” Proc R Soc Med. Feb 43(2):93-98.

Cayleff, S.E. (2016). Nature’s Path: A History of Naturopathic Healing in America. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cayleff, S.E. (1987). Wash and Be Healed: The Water Cure Movement and Women’s Health. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (1837). The First Four books of Aur. Corn. Celsus de re Medica, with an Ordo Verborum and Tr. by J. Steggall.

Ceronetti, Guido. (1993). Michael Moore, Translator. The Silence of the Body: Materials for the Study of Medicine. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Chamberlain, M. (1981). Old Wives’ Tales. London: Virago Press.

Chan, S.Y., and Loscalzo, J. (2012) .“The emerging paradigm of network medicine in the study of human disease.” Circ Res. 111:359-374.

Chance, H. E. (1957). “Naturopathic scandals threaten chiropractic!” International Review of Chiropractic. 11(11):6-12.

“Charlotte Weaver, D.O., FACN., Pioneer in Cranial Osteopathy (1884-1964)”. (2019). Now and Then: Museum of Osteopathic Medicine. Fall:2-3,6. (Review). Accessed Dec. 16, 2022: https://www.atsu.edu/museum-of-osteopathic-medicine/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/museum_fall_10.pdf

Chen, B. (2018). A non-metaphysical evaluation of vitalism in the early twentieth century. History and Philosophy of Biology. 40:50.

Cheng, A.M. (2005). “The real death of vitalism: implications of the Wöhler myth.” Penn Bioethics Journal, April 2;1(1):3.

Churchill, W. (2012). Female Patients in Early Modern Britain: Gender, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.

Cimino, G., and Duchesneau, F. (eds.) (1997). Vitalisms from Haller to the Cell Theory. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki.

Clarke, B. (2009). Emergence and Embodiment: New Essays on Second-Order Systems Theory. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Clark, C. (1995). Competence and discipline in professional formation. The British Journal of Social Work. 25:563-580.

Clericuzio, A. (1993). “From van Helmont to Boyle. A Study of the Transmission of Helmontian Chemical and Medical Theories in Seventeenth-Century England.” British Journal for the History of Science. 23, 303-334.

Clements, J.R. (1926). “True science of naturopathy.” Nature’s Path. New York, NY: Benedict Lust Publications, pp. 74-76.

Clymer, R. Swinburne. (1905; 5th Edition: 1963). Nature’s Healing Agents; The Medicines of Nature (or The Natura System). Philadelphia: Dorrance and Company.

Cobb, A.K. (1977). “Part one: Pluralistic legitimation of an alternative therapy system: The case of chiropractic.” Medical Anthropology. 1(4):1-23.

Coburn, D. (1991). “Legitimacy at the expense of narrowing of scope of practice: chiropractic in Canada.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 14(1):14-21.

Cockayne, T. Oswald. (1864-1866). Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England. A Collection of Documents, For the Most Part Never Before Printed, Illustrating the History of Science in This Country Before the Norman Conquest. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green.

Cody, George W. (2019). “Natural Cures.” Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). Jun;18(3):48.

Cody, G.W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: Henry J. Schlichting, Jr. and the AMA’s War on Natural Healing: Part 1”. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019 Apr;18(2):16-20.

Cody, George W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: Robert V. Carroll, W.A. Budden, and Professional Identity of DCs and NDs.” Integr Med (Encinitas). 17(3):18-21.

Cody, George W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: The Philosophy of Early Practitioners.” Integr Med (Encinitas). 17(2):16-18.

Cody, George W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: The Postwar Years and the Zenith of Alternative Medicine.” Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). 17(4):20-23.

Cody, George W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: The Postwar Years and the Zenith of Alternative Medicine, Continued.” Integrative Medicine(Encinitas) 17(5),14-18.

Cody, George W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: The Roots.” Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). 17(1):18-21.

Cody, George W. (2018). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: Western States Class of 1953.” Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). 17(6),12-16.

Cody, George W. (2019). “The Origins of Integrative Medicine: The First True Integrators: Emergence from Chiropractic.” Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). 18 (1):22-26.

Cody, George W. (2019) “The Western States College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy: W.A. Budden, DC, ND and the National Chiropractic Association.” Integrative Medicine (Encinitas). 2019 Aug; 18(4): 44-45.

Coles, L.B. (1851). Philosophy of Health: Natural principles of health and cure; or, health and cure without drugs. Boston, MA: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields.

Collins, R. (1990). “Market closure and the conflict theory of the professions.” In: Burrage, M. and Torstendahl, R. (Eds.) Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions, London, UK: Sage.

Comfort, J. W. (1843). The Practice of Medicine on Thomsonian Principles, Adapted as well to the Use of Families as to that of the Practitioner. Philadelphia, PA: Comfort.

Committee of the ANA. (1949). “Report of the Committee of the ANA.” Journal of the American Naturopathic Association. Sept 1949.

Compton, M. T. (2002). “The association of Hygieia with Asklepios in Graeco-Roman Asklepieion medicine.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 57(3):312-329.

Conger, J.P. (1989). Jung and Reich: The Body as Shadow. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Conger, M.E. (1893). The Nature Cure by Physical and Mental Methods: A Bridge from the Old to the New, the Dawn of a New Day in Medical Practice, a Clear, Short-cut Treatise on the Cause and Cure of Disease, the Light Turned On. Chicago: Educator Pub. Co.

Connolly, G. “Naturopathic case taking.” (2014) In: J. Sarris, and J. Wardle, eds. Clinical Naturopathy: an Evidence-based Guide to Practice. 2nd ed. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. pp. 1-18.

Conrad, C.F. (1912). “Argument against medical legislation.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 17(4):234-238.

Conway, J. (2013) “Piecing Together the Life of a Pioneering Female Physician.” Sullivan County Democrat. September 13, 2013.

Conway, J. (2019). “Retrospect: Dr. Phoebe Champlin Low.” Sullivan Retrospect, Facebook. Accessed June 3, 3021) from https://www.facebook.com/152604468153637/posts/retrospectby-john-conwaymarch-15-2019dr-phoebe-champlin-lowaddressing-the-nation/2320761278004601.

Cooke, M., Irby, D.M., Sullivan, W., and Ludmerer, K. M. (2006). “American medical education 100 years after the Flexner report.” New England Journal of Medicine. 355(13):1339-1344.

Coole, D., and Frost, S. (2010). New Materialisms. Ontology, Agency, and Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Cooter, R. (1988). Studies in the History of Alternative Medicine. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

Cordingley, E.W. (1923). “Let us standardize the practice of naturopathy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. New York, NY: Benedict Lust Publications. 687.

Cordingley, E.W. (1925). Principles and Practice of Naturopathy: A Compendium of Natural Healing. Bazan, CA: O’Fallon.

Cordingley, E.W. (1925.) “The Curse of the License System.” Naturopath. 442-444.

Cordingley, E.W. (1925). “The two brands of naturopathy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. New York, NY: Benedict Lust Publications.

Cordingley, E.W. (1927). [Untitled] Naturopath and Herald of Health. New York, NY: Benedict Lust Publications. p. 191.

Cordingley, E.W. (1929). “Naturopathic spinal treatment.” Nature’s Path. New York, NY: Benedict Lust Publications. pp. 448-449.

Cottam, C., and Smith, E.M. (1981). “The roots of cranial manipulation: Nephi Cottam and ‘craniopathy’.” Chiropractic History. 1(1):31-35.

Cottingham, Phillip. (2005). History of Naturopathic Medicine in New Zealand. Wellpark College of Natural Therapies. New Zealand.

Coulter, Harris L. (1975). Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism in Medical Thought, Volume I: The Patterns Emerge: Hippocrates to Paracelsus. Washington, D.C.: Wehawken.

Coulter, Harris L. (1993). Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism in Medical Thought, Volume II: The Origins of Modern Medicine: J. B. Van Helmont to Claude Bernard. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Coulter, Harris L. (1999). Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism in Medical Thought, Volume III: The Conflict between Homeopathy and the American Medical Association (2nd ed). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Coulter, Harris L. (1994). Divided Legacy: A History of the Schism in Medical Thought, Volume IV: Twentieth Century Medicine: The Bacteriological Era. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Coulter, Harris L. (1994). “Empiricism vs. rationalism in medicine.” Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. 9(3):159-166.

Coulter, I.D., and Willis, E. (2007). “Explaining the growth of complementary and alternative medicine.” Health Sociology Review (commentary). 16(3-4):214-225.

Coulter, I.D. (1990). “Of Clouds and Clocks and Chiropractors: Toward a Theory of Irrationality.” Am J Chiro Med. 3(2):84-92.

Coulter, I.D. (1991) “Philosophy of Science and Chiropractic Research.” J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 14(4):269-271.

Coulter, I.D. (1989) “The Chiropractic Wars or the Enemy Within.” Am J Chiro Med. 2:64-66.

Coulter, I.D. (2000) “The roles of philosophy and belief systems in complementary and alternative health care.” In: Proceedings from a Conference on Philosophy in Chiropractic Education. pp. 29-50. Toronto: World Federation of Chiropractic.

Coulter, I.D., Snider, P., and Neil, A. (2019). “Vitalism – A Worldview Revisited: A Critique of Vitalism and Its Implications For Integrative Medicine.” Integr Med (Encinitas). Jun;18(3): 60-73.

Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association. (1928). “Schools of Chiropractic and Naturopathy in the United States: Report of Inspections.” Journal of the American Medical Association. 90(18):1733-1738.

Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association. (1918). Medical Colleges of the United States and of Foreign Countries. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association.

Coward, R. (1989). The Whole Truth: The Myth of Alternative Medicine. London, UK: Faber and Faber.

Crider, W.F. (1936). “Accredited colleges: definite action on standard curricula.” The Chiropractic Journal (NCA). 5(1):10, 36, 38, 40.

Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1959). The History of Science From Augustine to Galileo. Mineola NY: Courier Dover Publications.

Crone, H.D. (2004). Paracelsus: The Man Who Defied Medicine: His Real Contribution to Medicine and Science. Prague: Albarello Press.

Cross, S.T., and Albury, W.R. (1987). Walter B. Cannon, L. J. Henderson, and the organic analogy. Osiris. 3:165-192.

Cruess, R.L., and Cruess, S.R. (2008). Expectations and obligations: professionalism and medicine’s social contract with society. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 51(4):579-598.

Cuff, P.A. (2014). Establishing Transdisciplinary Professionalism for Improving Health Outcomes: Workshop summary. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Cullen, W. (1822). First Lines of the Practice of Physic. With notes and observations, practical and explanatory, a preliminary discourse in defence of classical medicine, and an appendix, by Charles Caldwell, M.D. (2nd ed. revised and enlarged). Philadelphia, PA: Edward Parker.

Czeranko, S. (2015). “Benedict in Europe, 1907.” Naturopathic Doctor News and Review.

Danciger, Elizabeth. (1989). Homeopathy: From Alchemy to Medicine. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press.

Das, S. (2020). Vernacular Medicine in Colonial India: Family, Market and Homoeopathy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Davidson, W. McKay. (1923). “Lindlahr’s – The Home of Scientific Nature Cure, being a short account of the life and activities of Dr. Henry Lindlahr and a review of the inception and work of the world-famous Lindlahr Nature-Cure Institutes.” Naturopath. Sept 28.(9):450-459.

Davies, O. (1999). “Cunning-folk in the medical market-place during the nineteenth century.” Medical History. 43(1):55-73.

Davies, Paul, and Gribben, John. (1991). The Matter Myth. Beyond Chaos and Complexity. Penguin Press Science.

Debus, Allen G. (1966). The English Paracelsians. New York : Franklin Watts.

Debus, Allen G. (1993). Paracelsus and the Medical Revolution of the Renaissance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.

Deleuze, G. (1988). Bergsonism. Translated by Tomlinson, H. and Habberjam, B. from (1966) Le Bergsonism. New York, NY: Zone Books.

Department of Health. (2007). Trust, Assurance and Safety – The Regulation of Health Professionals in the 21st Century. London, UK: The Stationery Office.

Deutscher Heilpraktiker FDH e.V. Die Geschichte des Heilpraktikers. [n.d.] Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://www.heilpraktiker.org/files/seiteninhalt/inhaltsseiten/c_fuer_heilpraktiker/ca_berufsziele/ca-01-berufsbild/ca-01-04-geschichte-des-heilpraktikerberufes-final.pdf

Di Stefano, V. (2006). Holism and Contemporary Medicine: Origins and Principles. NSW, Australia: Allen and Unwin.

Dix, D. (1968) “A Defense of Vitalism.” Journal of Theoretical Biology. (20):338-340.

Dolphijn, Rick, and van der Tuin, Iris. (2012). New Materialism: Interviews and Cartographies. London: Open Humanities Press.

Dopelt, K., Bachner, Y.G., Urkin, J., et al. (2021). “Perceptions of Practicing Physicians and Members of the Public on the Attributes of a “Good Doctor”.” Healthcare (Basel). Dec 31;10(1):73.(https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/1/73)

Doublee, S. (2016). “Problems of contemporary history.” The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1967/03/on-the-writing-of-contemporary-history/305731/

Dower, C., O’Neil, E.H., and Hough, H.J. (2001). Profiling the Professions: A Model for Evaluating Emerging Health Professions. Center for the Health Professions, University of California, San Francisco.

Driesch, H. (1914). The History and Theory of Vitalism. London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.

Duffin, J. (1997). “Cadavers and Patients: Laennec’s Vital Principle and the Historical Diagnosis of Vitalism.” In: Cimino, Duchesneau, pp. 205-224.

Duffy, T.P. (2011). “The Flexner report ― 100 years later.” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 84(3):269.

DuChesne, J. (1975). The Practise of Chymicall and Hermetical Physicke for the Preservation of Health. Written in Latin by Iosephus Quersitanus, Doctor of Phisicke, and Translated into English, by Thomas Timme, minister.

Duden, B. (1991). The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor’s Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany. transl. Dunlap, T. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Duffin, J. “Vitalism and Organicism in the Philosophy of R.-T.-H. Laennec.” Bull Hist Med. 1988;62:525-545.

Dunn, P. M. (2003). Galen (AD 129-200) of Pergamun: Anatomist and experimental physiologist. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 88: F441-F443.

Duff, C. (2014). Assemblages of Health: Deleuze’s Empiricism and the Ethology of Life. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.

Durant, Will (1993). The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization-Christian, Islamic, and Judaic-From Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300. Fine Communications.

Eastman, Arthur M. (1917). Life and Reminiscences of Dr. Constantine Hering. Philadelphia: Published by the family for private circulation.

Ebert, M. (1952). “The rise and development of the American medical periodical, 1797-1850.” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 40(3):243.

Edelstein, E.J., and Edelstein, L. (1945). Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies, 2 vols. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Edelstein, Ludwig. Ancient Medicine. Owsei Temkin and C. Lilian Temkin, Editors. C. Lilian Temkin, Translator. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Editorial. (1926). The Irish Journal of Medical Science. 6(12):665-670, 667.

Edwards, Martin. (2007). Control and the Therapeutic Trial: Rhetoric and Experimentation in Britain, 1918-48. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Eling, P.l. (1998). “Jacobus Schroeder van der Kolk (1797–1862): His Resistance Against Materialism.” Brain and Cognition. 37(2):308-337.

Ellingwood, F. (1919). American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy. Chicago, IL: Ellingwood Therapeutist.

Ellingwood, Finley. “The non-materialistic character of the mind; the doctorate address delivered at the commencement exercises of Bennett Medical College, March 23, 1886.”

Endres, K.L. (2011). “The feminism of Bernarr Macfadden: Physical Culture magazine and the empowerment of women.” Media History Monographs. 13:2.

Engel, J. (2002). Doctors and Reformers: Discussion and Debate Over Health Policy, 1925-1950. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Erste Durchführungsverordnung zum Gesetz über die berufsmäßige Ausübung der Heilkunde ohne Bestallung (Heilpraktikergesetz). (1939). 18 February 1939. [German]

Erz, A.A. (1912). Friends of medical freedom and voters, attention! The Naturopath and the Herald of Health. 17(11):707-709.

Erz, A.A. (1913). Medical laws vs. human rights and constitution. The Naturopath and the Herald of Health. 18(7):438-472.

Erz, A.A. (1915). Paracelsus, The Much Abused Benefactor of Mankind. Naturopath. 20(3):55-157.

Esland, G. (1980). “Diagnosis and therapy.” In: Esland, G. and Salaman, G. (eds.) The Politics of Work and Occupations. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Etzioni, A. (ed.) (1969). The Semi-professions and Their Organization: Teachers, Nurses and Social Workers. New York, NY: Free Press.

Fachverband Deutscher Heilpraktiker, Landesverband Bayern e.V. [n.d.] Accessed Nov. 12, 2022: https://www.heilpraktikerverband-bayern.de/heilpraktikerverband/pdf/150_jahre.pdf

Failor, R.M. (1955). “History and Present Status of Western States College.” Journal of the AANP. 8(8):6-8.

Failor, R.M. (1955). “Letter to Dr. M. I. Higgens. April 5, 1955.” Western States College School of Naturopathy, Portland, OR. (Letter).

Faivre, A. (1995). The Eternal Hermes: From Greek God to Alchemical Magus. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes Press.

Farnsworth, G.R. (2015). General Questions for Gerry Farnsworth (Interview, May 2015).

Federici, S. (2004). Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York, NY: Autonomedia.

Federici, S. (2018). Witches, Witch-Hunting, and Women. Oakland, CA: PM Press.

Federspil, G., and Sicolo, N. (1994). “The Nature of Life in the History of Medical and Philosophical Thinking.” Am J Nephrol. 4:337-343.

Felter, H.W. (1902). History of the Eclectic Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1845-1902. Cincinnati, OH: Published for the Alumnae Association of the Eclectic Medical Institute.

Felter, H.W. (1912). The Biographies of King, Howe, and Scudder. Cincinnati, OH: Lloyd.

Felter, H.W. (1922). The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics. Cincinnati, OH: J.K. Scudder.

Ferguson, A., and Wiese, G. (1988). “How many chiropractic schools? An analysis of institutions that offered the D.C. degree.” Chiropractic History. 8(1):26-36.

Fett, J.F. (1968). The Formation of the American Medical Profession: The Role of Institutions, 1780-1860. New Haven, CT and London, UK: Yale University Press.

Feyerabend, P. (1965). Against Method. An Outline of and Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge. London, N.L.B.

Feyerabend, P. (1970). “Consolations of the Specialist.” In: Lakatos, I, Musgrave, A., (Eds.) Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. London, University of Cambridge Press.

Field, Oliver. (1954). “The Nature of the American Medical Association Fight Against Quackery in Medicine.” Food, Drug, Cosmetic Law Journal. April 9(4):213-221.

Fielder S.L., and Pyott, W.H. (1953). The Science and Art of Manipulative Surgery. American Institute of Manipulative Surgery, Inc. Bountiful, UT: Carr Printing.

Fishbein, M. (1932). Fads and Quackery in Healing: An Analysis of the Foibles of the Healing Cults. New York, NY: Covici Friede.

Fishbein, Morris. (1947). “History of the American Medical Association.” JAMA. 133(13):923-935.

Flannery, M.A. (1998). John Uri Lloyd: The Great American Eclectic. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Flannery, M.A. (2002). “The early botanical medical movement as a reflection of life, liberty, and literacy in Jacksonian America.” Journal of the Medical Library Association, 90(4):442.

Flannery, M.A., and Berman, A. (2001). America’s Botanico-Medical Movements: Vox Populi. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.

Flexner, Abraham. (1910). Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Bulletin Number Four.

Forbes, J. (1857). On Nature and Art in the Cure of Disease. London, UK: John Churchill.

Forrester, J., and Henry, J. (2004). Jean Fernel’s on the Hidden Causes of Things: Forms, Souls, and Occult Diseases in Renaissance Medicine. Leiden, NL: Brill.

Foss, L. (1994). “Putting the mind back into the body: A successor scientific medical model.” Theor Med. 15(3):291-313.

Foucault, M. (2007). Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978, transl. Graham Burchell. Houndmills, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave.

Fournier, Patrick, and Frioux, Stephane (2022). “The Heritage of Neo-Hippocratism in Environmental Thought (Sixteenth-Nineteenth Century)”. Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe [online], published on 20/01/22, Accessed: Nov. 2, 2023: https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/ecology-and-environment-in-europe/health-and-environment/heritage-neo-hippocratism-in-environmental-thought-sixteenth-nineteenth-century

Fowden, G. (1986). The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Fraser, M, Kember, S, and Lury C. (2005). “Inventive Life. Approaches to the New Vitalism.” Theory, Culture and Society. 22(1):1-14.

Freidson, E. (1970). Profession of Medicine. New York, NY: Dodd. Mead, and Company.

French, R.K. (2003). Medicine Before Science: The Business of Medicine from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

French, R., and Wear, A., Eds. (1989). The Medical Revolution of the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Fritz, W.W. (1916). “The history of the healing art in the progress of drugless therapy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 21(3):160-164.

Fujita, H., Lapidus, R. (2007). “Bergson’s Hand: Toward a History of (Non)-Organic Vitalism.” SubStance. 36: 3(114):115-130.

Fulton, John F. (1953). “Arturo Castiglioni 1874-1953.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. VIII(April):129-132.

Fyfe, J. W. (1909). Specific Diagnosis and Specific Medication. Cinncinnati, OH: The Scudder Brothers Company.

Gaier, H. (2009). Naturopathy in the European Union. European Federation for Naturopathy. (unpublished).

Gandhi, M.K. (1954). Nature Cure. Ahmedabad, India: Navajivan Publishing House.

Gardey, D. (2013). “Writing the History of the Relations between Medicine, Gender and the Body in the Twentieth Century: A Way Forward?” Clio. 37:143-162.

Garrison, F. (1921). An Introduction to the History of Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company.

Garceau, O. (1941). The Political Life of the American Medical Association. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Garcia-Ballester, L. (2002). Galen and Galenism: Theory and Practice from Antiquity to the European Renaissance. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

Garrison, Fielding H. (1966). History of Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company.

Gatterman, M.I. (1982). “W. A. Budden: The transition through proprietary education, 1924-1954.” Chiropractic History. 2(1):21-25.

Gaucher-Peslherbe, P.L. (1995). “Daniel David Palmer: Alchemy in the creation of chiropractic.” Chiropractic History. 15:2.

Gehmann, J.M. (Ed.). (1947). A Commemorative and Descriptive Book on the Light of Naturopathy. Paterson, N.J.: The Benedict Lust Permanent Memorial Association.

Getz, Faye (1998). Medicine in the English Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Getzendanner, S. (1988). “Permanent injunction order against AMA.” JAMA. 259(1):81.

Gevitz, N. (1984). “A Coarse Sieve.” Basic Science Boards in American Medicine, 1935-1980, paper presented at 57th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, May 3, 1984.

Gevitz, N. (1998). “‘A coarse sieve’: Basic science boards and medical licensure in the United States.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 43:36-63.

Gevitz, N. (2009). “The transformation of osteopathic medical education.” Academic Medicine. 84(6):701-706.

Gevitz, N. (Ed.) (1988). Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press.

Ghalioungui, P. (1969). “Early specialization in ancient Egyptian medicine and its possible relation to an archetypal image of the human organism.” Medical History. 13(4):383-386.

Ghosh, A. Kumar. (2018). “History of Development of Homoeopathy in India.” Indian Journal of History of Science. 53(1):76-83.

Gibbons, J. (1999). “The great European witch hunt.” PanGaia. 21:25-34.

Gibbons, R.W. (1981). “Solon Massey Langworthy: Keeper of the flame during the ‘lost years’ of chiropractic.” Chiropractic History. 1:14-21.

Gibbons, R.W. (1989). “Fred Collins and his New Jersey ‘Mecca’.” Chiropractic History. 9:41.

Gilbert, S.F., and Sarkar, S. (2000). “Embracing Complexity: Organicism for the 21st century.” Developmental Dynamics. Sep;219(1):1-9.

Giordano, J., and Jonas, W. (2007). “Asclepius and Hygieia in dialectic: philosophical, ethical and educational foundations of an integrative medicine.” Integrative Medicine Insights. 2.

Girard, C.L. (2010, March-April). “Enriching education for naturopathic physicians. Interview by Frank Lampe and Suzanne Snyder.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 16(2):66-73.

Goethe, J.W.V., and Naydler, J. (Eds.). (2000). Goethe on Science: An Anthology of Goethe’s Scientific Writings. Edinburgh, UK: Floris Books.

Goldacre, B. (2013). Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients. London, UK: Faber and Faber.

Goode, E.J. (1960). “Encroachment, charlatanism, and the emerging profession: psychology, sociology, and medicine.” American Sociological Review. 25:903.

Gort, E.H., and Coburn, D. (1988). “Naturopathy in Canada: Changing relationships to medicine, chiropractic and the state.” Social Science and Medicine. 26(10):1061-1072.

Goode, W. (1960). “Encroachment, charlatanism and the emerging profession: Psychology, sociology and medicine.” American Sociological Review. 25:902-914.

Gordon, O.W. (1880). Rev. John Wesley’s valuable primitive remedies, or, An easy and natural method of curing most diseases: also, Modern medicine. Chicago : O.W. Gordon

Gottlieb, J. (1953). “Die Lehre von der Lebenskraft bei Hahnemann.” Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften. 37(¾):250-253. [German].

Graham, K.D., Steel, A. and Wardle, J. (2021). “Embracing the complexity of primary health care: system-based tools and strategies for researching the case management process.” Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 14:2817-2826.

Graham, K.D., Steel, A. and Wardle, J. (2022). “Primary health care case management through the lens of complexity: an exploratory study of naturopathic practice using complexity science principles.” BMC Complementary Medical Therapies. 22:107.

Graham, K.D., Steel, A. and Wardle, J. (2021). “The intersection between models of health and how healing transpires: a metaethnographic synthesis of complementary medicine practitioners’ perceptions.” Journal of Alternative nd Complementary Medicine. Jul;27(7):538-549.

Gray, Ronald Douglas. (1952). Goethe the Alchemist: A Study of Alchemical Symbolism in Goethe’s Literary and Scientific Works. Cambridge University Press.

Greco, M. (2005). “On the Vitality of Vitalism.” Theory, Culture and Society. (1):15-27.

Greene, J.A., and Loscalzo, J. (2017). “Putting the patient back together – Social medicine, network medicine, and the limits of reductionism.” New England Journal of Medicine. 377:2493-2499.

Green, M.H. (2008). “Conversing with the Minority: Relations Among Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Women in the High Middle Ages.” Journal of Medieval History. 34(2).

Green, M.H. (1999). “In search of an “authentic” women’s medicine: The strange fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen.” Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam. 19:25-54.

Green, M.H. (2008). Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Green, M.H. (2001). The ‘Trotula’: A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Green, M.H. (2000). Women’s Healthcare in the Medieval West: Texts and Contexts, Variorum Collected Studies Series, CS680. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Greenwood, E. (1957). “Attributes of a profession.” Social Work. 2(3):45-55.

Griffin, J. P. (2000). “A short history of the dispensary movement in London from 1675 to 1948.” Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicological Reviews. 19(4):249.

Griggs, B. (1981). Green Pharmacy: A History of Herbal Medicine. New York, NY: Viking Press.

Grmek, M. (Ed.) (1999). Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Gross, C.G. (1998). “Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment.” The Neuroscientist. 4(5):380-385.

Grossinger. Richard. (1985; rev. 2000). Embryogenesis: Species, Gender and Identity. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grossinger. Richard. (2003). Embryos, Galaxies, and Sentient Beings: How the Universe Makes Life. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grossinger. Richard. (1993). Homeopathy: An Introduction for Skeptics and Beginners. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grossinger. Richard. (1998). Homeopathy: The Great Riddle. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grossinger. Richard. (1980). Planet Medicine: From Stone-Age Shamanism to Post-Industrial Healing. (revised 1990). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grossinger. Richard. (1995; rev. 2003). Planet Medicine: Modalities. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grossinger. Richard. (2001). Planet Medicine: Origins. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Grote, L.R., and Brauchle, A. (1935). Gespräche über Schulmedizin und Naturheilkunde [Conversations about Orthodox Medicine and Nature Cure]. Leipzig, Germany: Reclam.

Grout, J. (2009). Dioscorides: De Materia Medica. Accessed November 30, 2009: (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/materiamedica.html)

Grube, G.M.A. (1954). “Greek medicine and the Greek genius.” Phoenix. 8(4 Winter):123-135.

Gruman, G.J. (2005). A History of Ideas About Prolongation of Life. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

Guajardo-Bernal, G. (1996). “Samuel Hahnemann and the pioneers of physiology.” British Homeopathic Journal. 85(3):183-186.

Guggenheim, K.Y. (1993). “Paracelsus and the science of nutrition in the Renaissance. On occasion of the 500th anniversary of his birth.” Journal of Nutrition. 123(7):1189-1194.

Hafferty, F.W., and Castellani, B. (2010). “The increasing complexities of professionalism.” Academic Medicine. 85(2):288-301.

Hafner, A.W., Carson, J.G., and Zwicky, J.F. (Eds.) (1992). Guide to the American Medical Association Historical Health Fraud and Alternative Medicine Collection. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association.

Hahnemann, Samuel. (1805). “Aesculapius in the balance.” In: R.E. Dudgeon (Ed.):Lesser writings of Samuel Hahnemann (pp. 423-426). London: Homoeopathic Publishing Company.

Hahnemann, Samuel. (1845). The Chronic Diseases, Their Peculiar Nature and Their Homoeopathic Cure. (C. Hempel, Trans.). Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel.

Hahnemann, S., Kunzli, J., Naude, A., Pendleton, P. (Transl.) (2003). Organon of Medicine (6th ed.). London: Orion Books, Ltd.

Haigh, E.L. (1977). “The vital principle of Paul Joseph Barthez: The clash between monism and dualism.” Med Hist. Jan;21(1):1-14.

Haigh, E. (1985). “Vital Forces and Vital Laws in Eighteenth-century French Physiology.” Man and Nature / L’homme et la Nature. 4:1-15.

Håland, Evy Johanne. (2021). “Fieldwork and Ancient Sources: A Comparative Method for Healing Rituals.” Fieldwork in Religion. 16(2):231-257.

Haldeman, Scott (Ed). (1980). Modern Developments in the Principles and Practice of Chiropractic: Based on a Conference sponsored by the International Chiropractors Association, Anaheim, California, February 1979. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Halioua, Bruno and Ziskind, Bernard. (2005). Medicine in the Days of the Pharaohs. Cambridge, MA, and London: Belknap Press.

Hall, G.K., and Kleinman, A. (Eds.). (1978). Culture and Healing in Asian Societies: Anthropological, Psychiatric, and Public Health Studies. Edison, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Haller, J.S. (1999). A Profile in Alternative Medicine: The Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati, 1845-1942. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.

Haller, J.S. Jr. (2021) “Alternative/Complementary Medicine: 19th and early 20th Century Reference Material: Colleges, Journals, Societies. Mar 2021.” Accessed August 1, 2022: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/histcw_acm/1/

Haller, J.S. (1997). Kindly Medicine, Physio-Medicalism in America 1836-1911. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.

Haller, J.S. (1994). Medical Protestants, the Eclectics in American medicine, 1825-1939. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Haller, J.S. (1986) “The Great Biologic Problem: Vitalism, Materialism, and the Philosophy of Organism.” NY State J Med. Feb;86(2):81-88.

Haller, J.S. (2009). The History of American Homeopathy: From Rational Medicine to Holistic Health Care. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Haller, J.S. (2005). The History of American Homeopathy: The Academic Years, 1820-1935. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press.

Haller, J.S. (2000). The People’s Doctors: Samuel Thomson and the American Botanical Movement, 1790-1860. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Hamilton, William. (1831). The History of Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy. London: H. Colburn and R. Bently.

Hammond, E.A. (1958). Physicians in medieval English religious houses. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 32:105.

Hansard. (2011). “Written ministerial statements: Acupuncture, herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.” Hansard, 16 February. Accessed June 20, 2022: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110216/wmstext/110216m0001.htm

Hamowy, Ronald. (1979) “The Early Development of Medical Licensing Laws in the United States, 1875-1900.” Journal of Libertarian Studies. 3(1):73-119.

Haraway, D.J. (1976). Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields. Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.

Harp, Stephen L. (2011). “Demanding Vacation Au Naturel: European Nudism and Postwar Municipal Development on the French Riviera”. The Journal of Modern History. 83 (3): 513-543.

Harris, C.R.S. (1973). The Heart and the Vascular System in Ancient Greek Medicine, from Alcmaeon to Galen. Clarendon Press.

Harrison, H.L. (1969). Getting to Know the Incorporated Society of Registered Naturopaths. Edinburgh, UK: Incorporated Society of Registered Naturopaths.

Hart, G.D. (2000). Asclepius: The God of Medicine. London, UK: Royal Society of Medicine Press.

Hartmann, F. (1896). The Life of Philippus Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim, Known by the Name of Paracelsus: and the Substance of His Teachings Concerning Cosmology, Anthropology, Pneumatology, Magic and Sorcery, Medicine, Alchemy and Astrology, Philosophy and Theosophy. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, and Company Ltd.

Harvey, A. (1879). First Lines of Therapeutics as Based on the Modes and Processes of Healing, as Occurring Spontaneously in disease; and on the modes and the Processes of dying, as Resulting Naturally from Disease. In a Series of Lectures. London, UK: H.K. Lewis.

Hau, M. (2003). The cult of health and beauty in Germany: A social history, 1890-1930. Chicago, IL: University Of Chicago Press.

Hausser, Tina. (2013) “Legal Frame of Naturopathy in Spain.” Brussels 2013. https://clinicanatural.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/history-and-legal-frame-of-naturopathy-in-spain.pdf

Hausser, T., Lloyd, I., Yánez, J., Cottingham, P., Newman-Turner, R., and Abascal, A. (2017) “WNF White Paper: Naturopathic Philosophies, Principles and Theories. 2017”. World Naturopathic Federation. https://worldnaturopathicfederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/White-Paper-2-1.pdf

Hausser, T., Lloyd, I., Yánez, J.A., Cottingham, P., Turner, R.N., and Abascal, A.. World Naturopathic Federation Roots Report 2016. World Naturopathic Federation. https://worldnaturopathicfederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Naturopathic-Roots_final.pdf

Havard, W.F. (1915). “The accurate diagnosis.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 20(7):431-433.

Havard, W.F. (1919-1920). “A Course in Basic Diagnostics.” Series. In: Naturopath and Herald of Health.

Havard, W.F. (1919). “For medical freedom.” Herald of Health and Naturopath, 24(4):164.

Hazzard, C. (1898). Principles of Osteopathy. Kirksville, MO: Advocate Book and Job Print.

Hedesan, Georgiana D. (2016). An Alchemical Quest for Universal Knowledge: The ‘Christian Philosophy’ of Jan Baptist Van Helmont (1579-1644). London, UK: Routledge.

Hedesan, Georgiana (Jo). (2023). “Plant Alchemy, Paracelsianism and Internal Signature Theory in the Writings of Guy de La Brosse (1586-1641).” Notes and Records.

Hedges, A.R. (1950). Editorial. Journal of the American Naturopathic Association. May, 1(1):1.

Hein, H. (1969). “Molecular Biology vs. Organism: The Enduring Dispute between Mechanism and Vitalism.” Synthese 20:283-253.

Hein, H. (1972). “The Endurance of the Mechanistic-Vitalism Controversy.” Journal of History of Biology. 5(1):159-188.

Heinemann, G. (2018). Aristotelian Supervenience: Natures, Powers, and Processes.Sfendoni-Mentzou, Demetra (ed.): Aristotle – Contemporary Perspectives on his Thought: On the 2400th Anniversary of Aristotle’s Birth. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. 3-25.

Heinemann, G. (2020). Aristoteles Phys 186a22 ff Übersetzung und Anmerkungen. Aristoteles, Physik. Teilband 1: Bücher I bis IV gr./dt. von G. Heinemann, PhB 737, Felix Meiner Verlag.

Helquist, M. (2015). “’Criminal Operations’: The First Fifty Years of Abortion Trials in Portland, Oregon.” Oregon Historical Quarterly. Spring;116(1):6-39.

Henke, F.G. (1991). “A Note On the Psychology of Vitalism.” American Journal of Psychology. XXX:406-414.

Heudorf, U., Carstens, A., and Exner, M. (2010) [Naturopathic practitioners and the public health system. Legal principles as well as experience from naturopathic practitioner candidate tests and hygiene inspections of naturopathic practitioner’s practices in the Rhine-Main area in 2004-2007]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 53(2):245-257. [German]

Hewlett-Parsons, J. (1968). Naturopathic Practice: A Valuable Guide to Students and Others in the Principles and Practice of Naturopathy. New York, NY: Arco Publishing.

Higgens, M.I. (1955). “Letter to Charles E. Williamson. June 29, 1955.” (Letter).

Higgens, M.I. (1955). “Letter to Dr. Ralph Failor. May 26,1955.” (Letter).

Hippocrates. (1734). Hippocrates upon Air, water, and situation; upon Epidemical diseases; and upon Prognosticks, in acute cases especially. To this is added (by way of comparison) Thucydidesʼs Account of the plague of Athens by Hippocrates. London, UK: J. Watts.

Hirai, H. (2024). “Galen in Renaissance and Early Modern Debates” in: The Oxford Handbook of Galen, ed. Peter Singer and Ralph M. Rosen. Oxford: Oxford; 582-599.

Hiroshi, H. (1998). “On Vis medicatrix naturae and Hippocratic Idea of Physis.” Memoirs of School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University. 22: 45-54.

“History of accreditation of medical education programs.” (1983). Journal of the American Medical Association. 250(12):1502-1508. [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/388089] “This summary of the history of the process of approving and accrediting medical education programs has been condensed from the “Historical Survey of Major Factors and Events That Have Influenced Medical Education,” an appendix to the American Medical Association document, Future Directions in Medical Education, adopted by the House of Delegates on June 15, 1982. (The complete text of the document appeared in the 1982 Education Issue of The Journal, volume 248, No. 24, Dec 24/31, 1982. …”

Holland, J.H. (2006). “Studying complex adaptive systems.” Journal of Systems Sciences & Complexity. 19:1-8.

Homewood, A.E. (1982). 75 Years of Tenacity, Challenge and progress: A History of Western States College, 1907-1982. Toronto, ON: A. E. Homewood.

Horine, Emmet Field. (1941) “An Epitome of Ancient Pulse Lore”. Bull Hist Med 10(2):209-249.*

Hough, H.J., Dower, C., and O’Neil, E.H. (2001). Profile of a Profession: Naturopathic Practice. Center for the Health Professions, University of California, San Francisco.

House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology. (2000). Report on Complementary and Alternative Medicine. London, UK: The Stationery Office.

Hufeland, C.W. (1859). Art of Prolonging Life. London: Savill & Edwards.

Hufeland, C.W. (1844). Enchiridion Medicum: or Manual of the Practice of Medicine. The Result of 50 Years’ Experience. (6th ed., German). New York, NY: W. Radde.

Hufeland, C.W., and Wilson, E. (Eds.). (1854). Hufeland’s Art of Prolonging Life. Boston, MA: Ticknor, Reed and Fields.

Hughes, E. (1963). “Professions.” Daedalus. 92, 655-668.

Huisman, F., and Warner, J.H. (2004). Locating Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hume, E.D. (1923). Béchamp or Pasteur? A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology. Chicago, IL: Covici-McGee.

Hunt, William R. (1989). Body Love: The Amazing Career of Bernarr Macfadden. Bowling Green State University Popular Press.

Hurry, Jamieson B. (1926) Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser and Afterwards the Egyptian God of Medicine. London: Oxford University Press.

Iacobbo, K., and Iacobbo, M. (2004). Vegetarian America: A History. Praeger Publishing.

IHPC Board of Directors. (2017). Resources and Timeline of Notable Events. Accessed October 23, 2018: http://www.ihpc.org/what-we-do/resources-and-timeline-of-notable-events/.

Ijaz, N., and Boon, H. (2018). “Statutory regulation of traditional medicine practitioners and practices: The need for distinct policy making guidelines.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 24(4):307-313.

Imber, J. B. (2008). Trusting doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Initial Correspondence Materials. (1971). Portland, OR: National Board of Naturopathic Examiners.

Inlow, W. D. (1960). Letters to the Editor. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. Spring 3(3): 443-445.

Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions. (2012). “Medical Traditions: A New Research Centre.” Vesalius. 18(1):51-53.

Irving, J. C. (2015). The Greek Epigraphic Evidence for Healer Women in the Greek World. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, October 10, 2015). Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia.

Islam, M.M. (2019) “Social determinants of health and related inequalities: Confusion and implications.” Frontiers of Public Health. 7:11.

Jacka, Judy. (1998) Natural Therapies – The Politics and Passion: A Personal Story of a New Profession. Ringwood Natural Therapies.

Jackson, R.B. (2001). “Vis mediatrix naturae, vital force to innate intelligence and concepts for 2000.” Journal of Chiropractic Humanities. 10(1):7.

Janse, J. (1976). Principles and Practice of Chiropractic. Lombard, IL: National College of Chiropractic.

Jansen, E. (2016). Naturopathy in South India Clinics between Professionalization and Empowerment.Leiden/Boston: Brill.

Jennings, E.A. (1899). “A day with physical culture institutes.” Physical Culture. 2(2):67-70.

Johnson, C.D., and Green, B.N. (2010). “100 years after the Flexner report: Reflections on its influence on chiropractic education.” Journal of Chiropractic Education. 24(2):145-152.

Johnson, T. (1995). “Governmentality and the institutionalization of expertise.” In: Johnson, T., Larkin. G., and Saks, M. (Eds.) Health Professions and the State in Europe. London, UK: Routledge.

Jensen, C.B. (2003). “A spectrum of healing in future medicine.” Health Affairs. 22(3):245-246.

Johnson Dohring, G.H. (1976, July 15). Dearborn, MI. (Letter).

Johnson, D.A. (2015). “John Buchanan’s Philadelphia diploma mill and the rise of state medical boards.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 89(1):25-58.

Johnson, D.A., and Chaudhry, H. J. (2012). Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Johnston, R.D.  (Ed.). (2004). The Politics of Healing: Histories of Alternative Medicine in Twentieth‐Century North America. New York: Routledge.

Jonas, W.B., Eisenberg, D., Hufford, D., and Crawford, C. (2013). “The evolution of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the USA over the last 20 years.” Forschende Komplementärmedizin [Research in Complementary Medicine], 20(1):65-72. [German]

Jones, E.G. (1911). Definite Medication. Boston, MA: The Therapeutic Publishing Company, Inc.

Jones. E.G. (1909) “Drugless Healing vs. Medicine in the U.S.,” Wisconsin Medical Recorder. 278-280.

Jones, E.G. (1990). Reading the Eye, Pulse, Tongue for the Indicated Remedy. East Palestine, Ohio: Buckeye Naturopathic Press.

Jones, W.H.S. (Ed.). (1868) Hippocrates: Collected Works. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Jørgensen, B.S. (1969). “More on Berzelius and the vital force.” Journal of Chemical Education. 42:394-396.

Jütte, R. (2012). [Art of healing versus medical science – a medico-historical view]. Deutche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 137(51-52):2683-2688. [German]

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York, NY: Bantam Dell.

Kapp, E. (1849). J. H. Rausse: der Reformator der Wasserheilkunde oder Naturheilkunde. Leipzig, Germany: Gesundheitsblatter-Verlag.

Kaptchuk, T.J., and Eisenberg, D.M. (2001). “Varieties of healing. 1: “Medical pluralism in the United States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135(3):189-195. (https://europepmc.org/article/med/11487486)

Kaptchuk, T.J., and Eisenberg, D.M. (2001). “Varieties of healing. 2: A taxonomy of unconventional healing practices.” Annals of Internal Medicine, 135(3):196-204. (https://europepmc.org/article/med/11487487)

Kaptchuk, T.J. (1998). “Intentional ignorance: a history of blind assessment and placebo controls in medicine.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 72(3):389-433.

Kass, Leon R. (1975). “Regarding the End of Medicine and the Pursuit of Health.” Public Interest. Summer;(40):11-42. (https://www.nationalaffairs.com/storage/app/uploads/public/58e/1a4/bee/58e1a4bee18cf463065065.pdf)

Keating, Joseph C., Jr. (2003) “Chiropractic Education, 1945: A Snapshot, Part II.” Dynamic Chiropractic. Feb 10;21(4).

Keating, Joseph C., Jr. (2006). “Early chiropractic education in Oregon. Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 46(1).

Keating, Joseph C., Jr.(1996). “Kightlinger, C.M., MA, DC, and the Eastern Chiropractic Institute.” Journal of Chiropractic Humanities, 6, 26-44.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr. (2006). “Naturopathy chronology.” Accessed December 1, 2017: www.chiro.org/Plus/History/Persons/Naturopathy/naturopathy_chronology.pdf

Keating, Joseph C., Jr.  (1993). “Old Dad Chiro comes to Portland: Rediscovering DD in Oregon, 1908-10.” Chiropractic History. 13(2):36-44.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr. (2000). “The Early College Wars, Part II. Dynamic Chiropractic, May 15, 2000;18(11):01.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr. (1996). “The short life and enduring influence of the American Chiropractic Association, 1922-1930.” Accessed February 4, 2017: http://philosophyofchiropractic.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/ACA-1922-30-history.pdf

Keating, Joseph C., Jr., Callender, A.K., and Cleveland, C.S. (1998). A history of chiropractic education in North America: report to the Council on Chiropractic Educational Association for the History of Chiropractic.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr., Jackson, R.B., Oliva, M., and Phillips, R.B. (1994). Origins of the LACC, 1901-1922. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 17(2):93-106.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr., and Rehm, W.S. (1993). The origins and early history of the National Chiropractic Association. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 37(1):27.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr., and Rehm, W.S. (1995). “William C. Schulze, M.D., D.C. (1870-1936): From mail-order mechano-therapists to scholarship and professionalism among drugless physicians.” Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 25(3):82-92.

Keating, Joseph C., Jr., and Rehm W.S. (1995) “William C. Schulze, M.D., D.C. (1870-1936): from mail-order mechano-therapists to scholarship and professionalism among drugless physicians, Part II.” Chiropractic Journal of Australia. 25(4): 122-128.

Keating, M. (2011). A History of Organic Agriculture. Accessed Sep. 3, 2020: https://cookingupastory.com/mark-keating/

Kekes, J. “The Rationality of Metaphysics.” Metaphilosophy. 1973;4:124-139.

Kelly v. O.G. Carroll, 36 Wn2d 482, 219 P2d 79 (WA 1950).

Kelley, J.C. (1854). The Analytical System of Medicine or, The Treatment of Disease According to the Principles and Requirements of Nature. New York, NY: Printed for the author and proprietors.

Kemp, Charles F. (1947) Physicians of the Soul: A History of Pastoral Counseling. New York : Macmillan Co.

Kennedy, D.A., Bernhardt, B., Snyder, T., Bancu, V., and Cooley, K. (2015). “Complementary medical health services: a cross sectional descriptive analysis of a Canadian naturopathic teaching clinic.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15(37).

Kent, J.T. (1900). Lectures on Homoeopathic Philosophy. Lancaster, PA: Examiner Printing House.

Kerenyi, C. (1959). Asklepios: Archetypal Image of the Physician’s Existence. Princeton: Pantheon/Bollingen.

Khroutski, Konstantin S. (2013). “Forming an evolutionary vector to the Aristotelian pole of scientific Organicism (Biocosmology),” Biocosmology – neo-Aristotelism. 3(1):28-51.

King, Francis X. (1986). Rudolf Steiner and Holistic Medicine. London: Rider.

King, H. (1998). Hippocrates’ Woman: Reading the Female Body in Ancient Greece. London: Routledge.

King, L. S. (1968). “The formation of the American Medical Profession: The role of institutions, 1780-1860.” Journal of the American Medical Association. 205(1):55-56.

King, W. H. (1905) A History of Homeopathy and Its Institutions in America: Their Founders, Benefactors, Faculties, Officers, Hospitals, Alumni, etc., with a Record of Achievement of Its Representatives in the World of Medicine (Vols. 1-4). New York, NY: Lewis Publ. Co.

Kinne-Saffran, E., and Kinne, R. (1999). “Vitalism and synthesis of urea. From Friedrich Wöhler to Hans A. Krebs.” American Journal of Nephrology. 19(2):290-294.

Kirchfeld, F., and Boyle, W. (2005). Nature Doctors. Portland, OR: NCNM Press.

Kirschner, M., Gerhart, J., and Mitchison, T. (2000). “Molecular ‘Vitalism’.” Cell. Jan 7;100(1):79-88.

Klein, J.E. (2009). Galen. Accessed November 29, 2009: http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/antiqua/galen.cfm

Klein, J.E. (2009). Vienna Dioscorides from De Materia Medica, 512. Accessed November 30, 2009: University of Virginia Health Sciences Library: http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/herbs/vienna-disocorides/.

Kleinman, Arthur. and Sung, Lilias.H. (1979). “Why Do Indigenous Practitioners Successfully Heal?” Social Science and Medicine. Part B: Medical Anthropology. January;13,(1):7-26. 

Kleinman, Arthur. (1980). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland Between Anthropology, Medicine, and Psychiatry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Kleinman, Arthur. (1988). The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Kleisiaris, C.F., Sfakianakis, C., and Papathanasiou, I.V. (2014). “Health care practices in ancient Greece: The Hippocratic ideal.” Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 7: 6.

Ko, Y. (2016). “Sebastian Kneipp and the natural cure movement of Germany: Between naturalism and modern medicine.” Uisahak. December, 25(3):557-590. [Korean]

Koithan, M., Bell, I.R., Niemeyer, K., and Pincus, D. (2012). “A complex systems science perspective for whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine research.” Forsch Komplementmed. 19:7-14.

Kornmeier, U. (2016). The Soul Is An Octopus – Ancient Ideas of Life and The Body. Berlin, DE: Berliner Medizinhistorisches Museum der Charité.

Korostyshevsky, David. (2016). “James C. Mohr. Licensed to Practice: The Supreme Court Defines the American Medical Profession. Reviewed by David Korostyshevsky.” Journal of History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Jul; 71(3): 367-369.

Kotteck, S.S. (1996). “Physical exercise and training in ancient Jewish lore.” Iron Game History. Austin, TX: University of Texas.

Kramer, E.M. (1992). Consciousness and culture: an introduction to the thought of Jean Gebser. (Contributions in Sociology). West Port, CT; Greenwood Press.

Krebs H.A. (1971). “How the Whole Becomes More Than the Sum of the Parts.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. Spring:448-457.

Krikorian, Yervant H. (1945). Naturalism and the Human Spirit. (2nd Ed.) New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Krüger, Arne (1999). “Ein dreifaches Jubiläum. 50 Jahre Fachverband Deutscher Heilpraktiker in Berlin (1949-1999)”. Berliner Heilpraktiker Nachrichten. Nr. 5. [German] Accessed Sept. 1, 2020: http://www.arnekrueger.de/vortraege/vortrdreijub.htm

Krzywicka, M. (2000). Medieval Medicine. Accessed November 6, 2009: http://www.intermaggie.com/med/index.php

Kuehn, M., and Klemme, H. (2009). “Christoph Wilhelm Friedrich Hufeland.” Accessed November 20, 2009: http://www.manchester.edu/kant/Bio/FullBio/HufelandCWF.html

Kuhn, Thomas. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University Chicago Press.

Kukkonen, K.T., Forrester, J.M. (Ed.) (2007). “Jean Fernel’s On the Hidden Causes of Things.” Journal of the History of Philosophy. 158-159.

Kuriyama, S. (1999). The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine. New York, NY: Zone Books NY.

Kurtz, R. (1990). Body-Centered Psychotherapy: The Hakomi Method. Mendocino, CA: LifeRhythm.

Kuts-Cheraux, A.W. (1953). Naturae Medicina and Naturopathic Dispensatory. Des Moines, IA: American Naturopathic Physicians and Surgeons Association.

Lake, T.T. (1942). Endo-nasal, Aural and Allied Techniques: A Manual of Manipulative Techniques for Conditions of Anoxia and Anoxemia. (3rd ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Self-published.

Lake, T.T. (1946). Treatment by Neuropathy and The Encyclopedia of Physical and Manipulative Therapeutics. Compiled By Thomas T. Lake, ND., DC. Self-published.

Lamm, L. (2014). Oregon Pioneer: The Journey of Chiropractic Education in the Northwest. Portland, OR: University of Western States.

Lane, N. (2015). The Vital Question. Energy, evolution, and the origins of complex life. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.

Lansing, J.S. (2003). “Complex adaptive systems.” Annu Rev Anthropol. 32:183-204.

Lapin, A.D. (2013). A Body of Text: Physical Culture and the Marketing of Mobility. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.

Larkin, G. (1995). “State control and the health professions in the United Kingdom: Historical perspectives.” In: Johnson, T., Larkin. G. and Saks, M. (Eds.) Health Professions and the State in Europe. London, UK: Routledge.

Larson, M.S. (2013). The Rise of Professionalism: Monopolies of Competence and Sheltered Markets. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Le Fanu, J. (2011). The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine. (2nd ed.) London, UK: Abacus.

Lenton, T.M., and van Oijen, M. (2002). “Gaia as a complex adaptive system.” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357(1421):683-695.

Levin, J. (2017) “What is “Healing”?: reflections on diagnostic criteria, nosology, and etiology.” Explore. 13:244-256.

Liaison Committee on Medical Education, American Medical Association. (2017). Academic Quality and Public Accountability In Academic Medicine. The 75-Year History of the LCME. A Research Project Led by Robert H. Eaglen, PhD. Washington, D.C.: Liaison Committee on Medical Education. [https://lcme.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/October-2017-The-75-Year-History-of-the-LCME_COLOR.pdf]

Lipset, S.M. (1996). American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

Libster, M.M. (2009). “A history of Shaker nurse-herbalists, health reform, and the American botanical medical movement (1830-1860).” Journal of Holistic Nursing. 27(4):222-231.

Lindlahr, H. (1914). Nature Cure: Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure. Chicago: The Nature Cure Publishing Company.

Lipman, T.O. (1966). “The Response to Leibig’s Vitalism.” Bull Hist Med. Nov-Dec;40(6):511-524.

Little, D. (2008). “The professions as an object of study.” [June 8, 2008 Web log post]. Retrieved from https://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2008/06/professions-as-object-of-study.html

Lloyd, G.E.R., and Sivin, N. (2002). The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Lloyd, John Uri. (1911). History of the vegetable drugs of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States; with portraits of Charles Rice and Joseph P. Remington. Cincinnati: J.U. & C.G. Lloyd.

Lloyd, Iva. (2018) “Global Naturopathic Regulation – A primer on the regulation of naturopathic practice around the globe”. Natural Medicine Journal.* Accessed June 2019 at https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/global-naturopathic-regulation

Lloyd, I., Hausser, T., Wardle, J., Parker, T., and Cottingham, P. (2015) .“World Naturopathic Federation Report: Findings from the 1st World Naturopathic Federation survey. Canada: World Naturopathic Federation, 2015”. World Naturopathic Federation* https://worldnaturopathicfederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/World-Federation-Report_June2015-1.pdf

Lloyd I., Steel, A., and Wardle, J. (2021). “Health Technology Assessment-Naturopathy: Practice, Effectiveness, Economics and Safety.” World Naturopathic Federation.* https://worldnaturopathicfederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Health-Technology-Assessment-HTA_eBook.pdf

Lloyd, I., and Wardle, J. (2019). “World Naturopathic Federation: The Central Role of Research in the Growth of the Global Naturopathic Profession. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):129-132.

Logan, A., Goldenberg, J., Guiltinan, J., et al. (2018). Naturopathic medicine in the 21st century: Time for a seventh guiding principle – Scientia criticus.” Explore (NY). 14(5):367-372.

Logan, Alan C. (2019). Self-Styled: Chasing Dr. Robert Vernon Spears. Glass Spider Publishing.

Lohff, B. (1981). “The history of the concept of vital force.” Clio Medica. 16(2-3):101-12. [German]

Lohff, B. (2001). “Self-Healing Forces and Concepts of Health and Disease. A Historical Discourse.” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 22:543-564.

Lohff, B., Schaefer, J., Nierhaus, K.H., et al. (1998). Natural defenses and autoprotection: Naturotherapy, an old concept of healing in a new perspective. Medical Hypotheses. 51(2):147-151.

Longrigg, James (1993). Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians. London: Psychology Press.

Lonie, I. M. (1965). “The Cnidian Treatises of the Corpvs Hippocraticvm.” The Classical Quarterly. 15(1):1-30.

Loscalzo, J., and Barabasi, A.-L. (2011). “Systems biology and the future of medicine: systems biology and the future of medicine.” WIREs Syst Biol Med. 3:619-627.

Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Lowen, A. (1990). The Spirituality of the Body. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing.

Lucas, W.R. (1938). The growth and development of the naturopathic movement in Great Britain. Naturopath and Herald of Health. 43(4):15, 21, 23.

Luce, J.V. (2001). “Greek medicine from Asclepius to Hippocrates.” Irish Journal of Medical Science. 170(3):200-302.

Lust, A. B., and Yarnell, E. (Eds.). (2006). Collected Works of Dr. Benedict Lust. East Wenatchee, WA: Healing Mountain Publishing, Inc.

Lust, Benedict. (1902). “Editorial drift.” The Naturopath. 3:32-33.

Lust, Benedict. (1903). “Health incarnate.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 4:164-167.

Lust, Benedict. (1923). History of the Naturopathic Movement. Naturopath. 28(9):434-436.

Lust, Benedict. (1927). “Is this justice?” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 369-371.

Lust, Benedict. (1930). Naturopathic Treatment of Disease. New York, NY: Benedict Lust Publications. pp. 55-56.

Lust, Benedict. (1936). “Post-Graduate Study of Naturotherapy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health.

Lust, Benedict. (1937). “Post-Graduate Study of Naturotherapy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health.

Lust, Benedict. (1942). “The American Naturopathic Association, its purposes and objectives.” Naturopath Herald Health. 47:198-200.

Lust, Benedict. (1912). “The regulars are regulators.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 17(4):228-230.

Lust, Benedict. (1944). “What is naturopathy?” American Naturopathic Association. 48th Annual Congress, October 19-21. Philadelphia. (Program brochure)

Lust, Benedict. (Ed.) (1918). Universal Encyclopedia Directory and Buyer’s Guide: Year Book of Drugless Therapy for 1918-1919. Butler, NJ: Benedict Lust.

Lust, Benedict. (2006). Yungborn: The Life and Times of Dr. Benedict Lust and Pilgrimages to the Great Masters. Healing Mountain Publishing.

Lust, Louisa. (1923). “Herbs Combined With Nature Cure.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. August:370-371.

Macfadden, Bernarr. (1914). Macfadden’s Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, Vols. I-VIII. New York, NY: Physical Culture Publishing.

Macfadden, M., and Gauvreau, E. (1953). Dumbbells and Carrot Strips: The Story of Bernarr Macfadden. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company.

MacKinney, L.C. (1937). Early Medieval Medicine. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Magill, F.N., and Aves, A. (1998). Dictionary of World Biography. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.

Malaterre, C. (2013). “Life as an Emergent Phenomenon: From an Alternative to Vitalism to an Alternative to Reductionism.” In: Normandin, S.. and  Wolfe, C. (Eds.) Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-Enlightenment Life Science, 1800-2010. pp. 163-65. Springer.

Malony Jr., HN. (1996). “John Wesley’s Primitive Physick: An 18th-century Health Psychology.”  Health Psychology. Apr;1(2):147-159.

Manian, F.A. (1998). “Modern medicine and chaos theory.” Journal of the American Medical Association. 279(11):836.

Mansfield, C.J., Mitchell, J., and King, D.E. (2002). “The doctor as God’s mechanic? Beliefs in the Southeastern United States.” Social Science and Medicine. 54(3):399-409.

Marketos, S.G. (1997). “The parallels between Asclepian and Hippocratic medicine on the island of Kos.” American Journal of Nephrology. 17(3-4):205-208.

Marks, J. (1998). Gilles Deleuze: Vitalism and Multiplicity. London, UK: Pluto Press.

Marshall, J.T. (1934). “The Development of Public Health in British Columbia.” Canadian Public Health Journal. 25(8):359-368.

“Mary Edwards Walker MD. Women in Medicine and Science at Upstate.” (2019). Upstate Medical University. Accessed June 3, 2021) from https://guides.upstate.edu/women-in-medicine/walker.

Mathews, H.F. (1987). “Rootwork: Description of an ethnomedical system in the American South.” Southern Medical Journal. 80(7):885-891.

Mazzocchi, F. (2012). “Complexity and the reductionism-holism debate in systems biology: Complexity and the reductionism-holism debate.” WIREs Syst Biol Med. 4:413-427.

Mazzocchi, F. (2011). “The limits of reductionism in biology: what alternatives?.” E-LOGOS, Prague University of Economics and Business. 2011(1):1-19.

McGavack, T.H. (1932). The Homoeopathic Principle in Therapeutics. Philadelphia, PA: Boericke & Tafel.

McGirr, E.M. (1992). “A Matter of Principle; The Vital Spirit.” Scot Med J. 37:87-89.

McIntyre, E., Adams, J., Foley, H., et al. (2019). “Consultations with Naturopaths and Western Herbalists: Prevalence of Use and Characteristics of Users in Australia.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):181-188.

Medical and Surgical Directory of the United States. (1886). Detroit, MI: R.L. Polk and Co.

Medicine in early Middle Ages: School of Salerno. (1902). Accessed November 10, 2009: http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/M/MED/medicine-18.html

Melzer, J., Melchart, D., and Saller, R. (2004, October). [Development of ‘Ordnungstherapie’ by Bircher-Benner in naturopathy of the 20th century]. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd, 11(5):293-303. [German]

Melzer, J., and Saller, R. (2006). [Does there exist one specific “view of man” in naturopathy / complementary medicine?] (Review). Forsch Komplementmed. Aug;13(4):210-219. [German]

Mennin, S. (2010). “Self-organisation, integration and curriculum in the complex world of medical education.” Medical Education. 44(1):20-30.

Merchant, C. (1989). The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. New York, NY: Harper and Row.

Merchant, C. (2010). Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England. (2nd. ed.) Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.

Meyer-Camberg, Ernst. (1954). Das Praktische Lexicon der Naturheilkunde. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann.

Micozzi, M.S. (2014). Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

Milgrom, L.R. (2008). “Towards a new model of the homeopathic process based on quantum field theory.” Forsch Komplementmed. Jun;13(3):174-183.

Miller, H.W. (1952). “Dynamis and Physis in On Ancient Medicine. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 83:184-197.

Miller, H.W. (1966). “Dynamis and the Seeds.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 97:281-290.

Miller, L.E., and Weiss, R.M. (2008). “Medical education reform efforts and failures of US medical schools, 1870-1930.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 63(3):348-387.

Mills, P.J., Patel, S., Barsotti, T., et al. (2017). “Advancing Research on Traditional Whole Systems Medicine Approaches.” J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 22(4) 527-530.

Millspaugh, Charles F. (1892) Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated and Descriptive Guide to Plants Indigenous to and Naturalized in the United States Which are Used in Medicine, Their Description, Origin, History, Preparation, Chemistry and Physiological Effects Fully Described... Philadelphia: J.C. Yorston.

Mishler, E. G. (1981). Social Contexts of Health, Illness, and Patient Care. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Moerman, D. E., (1983). “Physiology and symbols: the anthropological implications of the placebo effect.” In: L. Romanucci-Ross, D. Moerman, and L. Taucerdi. (Eds.)., The Anthropology of Medicine: From Culture to Method. South Hadley, MA: Praeger Scientific.

Mohr, J.C. (2013). Licensed to Practice: The Supreme Court Defines the American Medical Profession.  Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Moore, J.S. (1993). Chiropractic in America: The History of a Medical Alternative. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Moreau, E. (2018). “Elements, Mixture and Temperament: The Body’s Composition in Renaissance Physiology.” In: Oeconomia corporis: The Body’s Normal and Pathological Constitution at the Intersection of Philosophy and Medicine. Beneduce, C., and Vincent, D. (Eds.). Pisa, IT: Edizioni ETS.

Morgan, L. (1998). “Innate intelligence: its origins and problems.” Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 42(1):35.

Morrell, P. (n.d.)  Hahnemann and Paracelsus by Dr. John Henry Clarke – A Preface. Accessed October 23, 2003) from: http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/clarke/prefacemorrell.htm.

Morris, D.B. (1998). Illness and Culture in the Postmodern Age. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Murphy, Lamar Riley. (1991). Enter the Physician: The Transformation of Domestic Medicine, 1760-1860. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Musso, C.G. (2005). “Imhotep: The dean among the ancient Egyptian physicians – An example of a complete physician.” Humane Medicine. 5(1):169.

Myers, S.P., and Vigar, V. (2019). “The State of the Evidence for Whole-System, Multi-Modality Naturopathic Medicine: A Systematic Scoping Review.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):141-168.

Napolitano, E. G., and Gruber, B. (1981). “The struggle for accreditation in chiropractic: A unique history of educational bootstrapping.” Chiropractic History. 1(1):23-24.

National Association of Naturopathic Physicians. (1970). Outline for study of services of practitioners performing health services in independent practice. National Association of Naturopathic Physicians. National College of Chiropractic. (1949, September 27). Chicago, IL. (Letter).

National College of Drugless Physicians. Mirror 1940. Chicago, IL: National College of Drugless Physicians.

National Institute of Health. (2009). Greek Medicine from the Gods to Galen. January 14, 2009. Accessed November 3, 2009: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_galen.html

“Naturopathic Legislation Series 1914.” (1914). Naturopath and Herald of Health. pp. 144-148.

Navab, Iman. (2014). New York’s First African American Female Homeopathic Doctor. Hpathy. January 16, 2014. Accessed Dec. 11, 2021: https://hpathy.com/homeopathy-papers/new-yorks-first-african-american-female-homeopathic-doctor/

Negri, C. P. (2014). A Century of Naturopathy. Infinity Health Care, Ltd.

Needham, J. (1954-1970). Science and Civilisation in China, Vols. 1-7 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Neil, J. B. (1960). Course in Naturopathy and Drugless Therapy Leading to ND Diploma. Bournemouth, UK: Anglo-American Institute of Drugless Therapy.

Nercessian, N. (2004). Against All Odds: The Legacy of Students of African Descent at Harvard Medical School before Affirmative Action 1850-1968. Hollis, NH: Harvard Medical School and Puritan Press.

Neuburger, M. (1910-1915). Playfair, Ernest, Transl. History of Medicine. London: Henry Frowde. [Geschichte der Medizin. 1906. Stuttgart: Verlag Von Ferdinand Enke. German]

Neuburger, M., Sudhoff, K., and Magnus, H. (1930). Essays in the History of Medicine. Medical Life Press. Garrison, Fielding H. (Transl., Ed.) [Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medicin, 1902. Breslau: J.U. Kern (M. Müller)]

Neuburger, M. (1932). (L. J. Boyd, transl.) “The doctrine of the healing power of nature throughout the course of time.” Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy. 25:861-884,1011-1465.

Neuburger, M. (1944). “An Historical Survey of the Concept of Nature from a Medical Viewpoint.” Isis. 35:(1):16-28.

Neumann, J.N. (1991). “Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland.” In: Engelhardt, D. v., Hartmann, F. (Eds.). Klassiker der Medizin. vol. I. München: C.H. Beck, 339-359.

Nevins, M. (2011). Meanderings in New Jersey’s Medical History. Bloomington: iUniverse Inc. Accessed Sept. 12, 2013: http://www.mhsnj.org/resources/SKU-000498617_TEXT-low.pdf

Newman, W.R. (2006). Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Nicolescu, B. (2002). Manifesto of Transdisciplinarity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Newton, Calvin. (1846). New England Medical Eclectic, and Guide to Health. Worcester, Mass.: Calvin Newton.

Newton, Hannah. (2018). Misery to Mirth. Recovery from Illness in Early Modern England. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.

Newton, H. (2015). ‘Nature Concocts & Expels’: The Agents and Processes of Recovery from Disease in Early Modern England. Social History of Medicine. 28(3):465-486.

Newton, Hannah. (2012). The Sick Child in Early Modern England, 1580-1720. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Newton, Robert S. (1868). The American Eclectic Medical Register; For the Year commencing Jan. 1st, 1868. New York: The Trow & Smith Book Manufacturing Co.

Nicholls, Phillip A. (1988). Homoeopathy and the Medical Profession. Beckenham: Croom Helm.

NIH National Library of Medicine. Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s First Woman M.D., Accessed February 13, 2014: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/blackwell/index.html

Nissen, N. (2011). “Challenging perspectives: Women, complementary and alternative medicine, and social change.” Interface: A Journal For and About Social Movements. 3(2):187-212.

Nordenfelt, L. (1987). On The Nature of Health. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Pub. Company.

Normandin, S., and Wolfe, C.T., Eds. (2013). Vitalism and the Scientific Image in Post-Enlightenment Life Science, 1800-2010. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.

Nostrums and Quackery: Articles on the Nostrum Evil and Quackery (Vols. 1-3). (1911-1936). Chicago, IL: Press of the American Medical Association.

Nugent, John J. (1941) Chiropractic Education: Outline of a Standard Course. Webster City, Iowa: National Chiropractic Association.

Nutton, V. (2005). Ancient Medicine. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.

Nutton, V. (1990). Medicine at the Courts of Europe: 1500-1837. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.

Nutton, V. (2022). Renaissance Medicine: A Short History of European Medicine in the Sixteenth Century. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis.

Nutton, V. (2005). “The fatal embrace: Galen and the history of ancient medicine.” Science in Context. 18(1):111-121.

Oakley, A. (1992). “The wisewoman and the doctor.” In: Saks, M. (ed.) Alternative Medicine in Britain. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Olmsted, J.M.D., and Olmsted, E.H. (1952). Claude Bernard and the Experimental Method in Medicine. London: Abelard-Schuman.

OMNES. “The origins of naturopathy in France – Les origines”. Naturopathe.NET – le site grand public de l’OMNES – Organisation de la Médecine Naturelle et de l’Éducation Sanitaire. [n.d.] Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: http://www.naturopathe.net/les-origines-de-la-naturopathie

Ooi, S.L., Rae, J., and Pak, S.C. (2016). “Implementation of evidence-based practice: A naturopath perspective”. Complement Ther Clin Pract. February;22:24-28.

Opitz, J. M. (1985). “The developmental field concept.” American Journal of Medical Genetics. 21(1):1-11.

Opp, J. (2003). “The word and the flesh – Religion, medicine, and Protestant faith healing narratives in North America, 1880-1910.” Histoire sociale [Social history]. 36(May 71):205-224.

Ordronaux, J. (1871). Code of Health of the School of Salernum: Translated into English Verse. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.

“Oregon law required expenditure reporting, and $4819.03 was the officially reported expenditure filed by the “yes” campaign. The “no” campaign spent twice as much, with over $6,000.00 coming from the Oregon hospital Association.” (1934). The Oregonian. November 17, 1934: 1.

Oregon Naturopathic Association. (1946, December 7). Annual meeting of the Oregon Naturopathic Association. Portland, OR.

“Oregon Naturopathic Law.” (1937). Naturopath and Herald of Health. Sept.:286-288, 302.

Osler, W. (1921). The Evolution of Modern Medicine. New York, NY and London: D. Appleton & Co.

Osborne, M.A., and Fogarty, R.S. (2012). “Medical Climatology in France: The Persistence of Neo-Hippocratic Ideas in the First Half of the Twentieth Century.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 86(Winter 4):543-563.

Oswald, J.A. (1989). Yours for Health: The Life and Times of Herbert M. Shelton. Franklin, WI: Franklin Books.

“Outline for study of services of practitioners performing health services in independent practice.” (1970). National Association of Naturopathic Physicians.

Packham, C. (2012). Eighteenth-Century Vitalism: Bodies, Culture, Politics. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Pagel, W. (1982). Joan Baptista van Helmont: Reformer of Science and Medicine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Pagel, W. (1958). Paracelsus: An introduction to philosophical medicine in the era of the Renaissance. New York, NY: Karger Publishers.

Paget, S. (1897). Ambroise Paré and His Times, 1510-1590. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.

Panagiotidou, Olympia. (2022). Healing, Disease and Placebo in Graeco-Roman Asclepius Temples: A Neurocognitive Approach. Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing.

Panagiotidou, O. (2016). “Religious Healing and the Asclepius Cult: A Case of Placebo Effects.” Open Theology. 2.

Papa, F.J., and Harasym, P.H. (1999). “Medical curriculum reform in North America, 1765 to the present: A cognitive science perspective.” Academic Medicine Philadelphia. 74:154-164.

Paracelsus, and Jung, C.G. (1958). Selected Writings (2nd ed.). (J. Jacobi, Ed.) New York, NY: Pantheon.

Payer, L. (1988; 1996, Revised edition). Medicine and Culture: Varieties of Treatment in the United States, England, West Germany, and France. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.

Payne, J.F. (1900). Thomas Sydenham. London: T Fisher Unwin.

Pearce, J.M.S. (2008). “The doctrine of signatures.” European Neurology. 60:51-52.

Pearcy, L.T. (1985). Galen: A Biographical Sketch. Accessed November 29, 2009: http://courses.ed.asu.edu/horan/ced522readings/galen/dreams/galenbio.htm.

Peck, S.L. (2013). “Life As Emergent Agential Systems: Tendencies Without Teleology In An Open Universe.” Zygon. 48(4):984-1000.

Pellegrino, Edmund D. (2002). “Professionalism, profession and the virtues of the good physician.” Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine. Nov;69(6):378-384.

Pellegrino, E.D., and Thomasma, D.C. (1981). A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice: Toward a Philosophy and Ethic of the Healing Professions. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.

Peltier, L.F. (1990). Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment. San Francisco, CA: Norman Publishing.

Pendell, D. (2002). Pharmako/Dynamis: Stimulating Plants, Potions, and Herbcraft. San Francisco, CA: Mercury House Publishing. Revised 2010; Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Pendell, D. (2005). Pharmako/Gnosis: Plant Teachers and the Poison Path. San Francisco, CA: Mercury House Publishing. Revised 2010; Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Pendell, D. (1995). Pharmako/Poeia: Plant Powers, Poisons, and Herbcraft. San Francisco, CA: Mercury House Publishing. Revised Revised 2010; Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Pennebaker, James W. (1982). The Psychology of Physical Symptoms. New York/Berlin: Springer.

Perrone B., Krueger V., and Stockel H. (1989). Medicine Women, Curanderas and Women Doctors. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Perry, Whitall N. (1984). “The Alchemy in Homeopathy.” Studies in Comparative Religion, 16(1 & 2, Winter-Spring). [http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/uploads/ArticlePDFs/394.pdf]

Petrisko, C.H. (1982). “Schism and Suppression: The Elimination of Medical Protest Schools, 1846-1939.” Journal of Chiropractic History. 2(1):35-40.*

Phillips, R. (1989). “Joseph Janse: The formative years of a chiropractic educator, 1897-1930.” Journal of Chiropractic History. 8(2):11-17.

Phinney, H. F. (1848). The Water-Cure in America: Over three hundred cases of various diseases treated with water by Drs. Wesselhoeft, Shew, Bedortha, Shieferdecker, Trall, Nichols, and others: With cases of domestic practice: Designed for popular as well as professional reading. New York, NY: Fowler and Wells.

Pinet, Patrice. (2011). [“Alchemy, freemasonry and homeopathy”]. Rev Hist Pharm (Paris), Jul;59(370):175-192. [French]

Pitcairn-Knowles, A. (1900). The History and Development of the Schroth Cure: With an Explanation of Many Important Details of the Treatment. Ashingdon, UK: C.W. Daniel Company.

Pizzorno, J.E., Jr., and Murray, M.T. (Eds.). (2011). Textbook of Natural Medicine (Vols. 1-2). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Plante, Thomas G. (Ed.) (2013). Abnormal Psychology Across the Ages: History and Conceptualizations. Vol. I. Praeger.

Plaut, V.C., Markus, H.R., and Lachman, M. E. (2002). “Place matters: consensual features and regional variation in American well-being and self.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 83(1):160-184.

Plsek, P.E., and Greenhalgh, T. (2001). “Complexity science: the challenge of complexity in health care.” British Medical Journal. 323:625-628.

Poen, Monte M. (1979) Harry S. Truman Versus the Medical Lobby. Columbia, MO.: University of Missouri Press.

Pool, R., and Geissler, W. (2005). Medical Anthropology. Berkshire, England: Open University Press.

Popper, K.R. (1969). Conjectures and Refutations. The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Porter, R. (1995). Disease, Medicine and Society, 1550-1860. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (2nd ed.).

Porter, R. (1999). The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity. New York, NY: Norton.

Porter, R., and Porter, D. (1988). In Sickness and in Health: The British Experience 1650-1850. London, UK: Fourth Estate.

Pott, Percivall; Earle, Sir James (1819). The Chirurgical Works of Percivall Pott: with his last corrections. Philadelphia: James Webster; William Brown, printer. [https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2567036R-mvset]

Pott, Percivall; (Sir.):James Earles (1808). The Chirurgical Works of Percival Pott …: to which are added a short account of the life of the author, a method of curing the hydrocele by injection and occasional notes and observations by Sir James Earle. J. Johnson.

Powell, W. Byrd, and Newton, R.S. (1854) The Eclectic Practice of Medicine. Cincinnati: Derby.

Power, J. (2017). “Reductionism and nursing clinical reality.” BJSTR. 1:720-721.

Prencipe, A., and Tell, F. (2001). “Inter-project learning: processes and outcomes of knowledge codification in project-based firms.” Research Policy, 30(9):1373-1394.

Prioreschi, Plinio (2001). A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic Medicine. Horatius Press: Omaha, NE.

Pritchard, A. (1980). Alchemy: A Bibliography of English-Language Writings. London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul jointly with the Library Association.

Procopio, L. (2012). “Naturopathic medicine history and professional formation timeline 2.0 interview with James Sensenig, ND.” February 7, 2012.

Purinton, Edward Earle. (1916) Genius and Eugenics. Butler, NJ: Benedict Lust. Purinton, E.E. (1905). “Most important: To students of naturopathy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 6:252-254.

Purinton, E.E. (1903). “The bible of the body.” Naturopath and the Herald of Health. 4:351-353.

Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret. (2010). Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism. ABC-CLIO.

Pyott, W.H. [n.d.] Bloodless and Manipulative Surgery. Salt Lake City: W.H. Pyott.

Quah, S.R. (2003). “Traditional healing systems and the ethos of science.” (Review). Social Science and Medicine. 57(10):1997-2012.

Quinn, H. (2009). “What is science?.” Phys Today. 62(7):8-9.

Quinn, S. (2001, rev. 2007). A Model of Accountability. Presented at ICIM conference, 2001; International Association of Yoga Therapists Conference 2007.

Rabow, M.W., Remen, R.N., Parmelee, D.X., and Inui, T.S. (2010). “Professional formation: extending medicine’s lineage of service into the next century.” Academic Medicine. 85(2):310-317.

Rainey, K.T. (2005). “Approaches to professionalism – A codified body of knowledge.” Proceedings of the International Professional Communication Conference. Limerick, Ireland, July 10-13, 2005.

Ramsey, M. (1999). “Alternative medicine in modern France.” Medical History. 43(03):286-322.

Ransom, J.F. (1984.) “The origins of chiropractic physiological therapeutics: Howard, Forster and Schulze.” Chiropractic History. 4:46-52.

Ranson, J.S. (1997). “Forget Vitalism. Foucault and Lebensphilosophie”. Philosophy and Social Criticism. 23(1):33-47.

Rapoport, A. (1967). “The Vitalist-Mentalist Controversy.” BioScience. Sept:659-660.

Rashdall, H. (1895). The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Salerno, Bologna, Paris. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.

Rattansi, P.R. (1964). “The Helmontian-Galenic Controversy in Restoration England.” Ambix. 12:1-23.

Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, Fuat Sezgin, Māzin ʻAmāwī, Carl Ehrig-Eggert, and E. Neubauer. (1999). Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ ar-Rāzī (d. 313/925): texts and studies. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.

Redvers, N., and Blondin, B. (2020). “Traditional indigenous medicine in North America: a scoping review.” PloS One. 15:e0237531

Reed, L.S. (1932). The Healing Cults: A Study of Sectarian Medical Practice: Its Extent, Causes, and Control, Issue 16. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Reed, L.S. (1932). “With regard to Sanipractic, its presence in Washington and its relationship to naturopathy.” In: The Healing Cults A Study of Sectarian Medical Practice: Its Extent, Causes, and Control. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Rehm, W. S. (1993). “Pseudo-chiropractors: the correspondence school experience, 1912-1935.” Chiropractic History. 12(2):33-37.

“Repräsentative Umfrage: Jeden Tag gehen in Deutschland 128.000 Patienten zum Heilpraktiker.” [n.d.] [German] Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://www.bdh-online.de/repraesentative-umfrage-jeden-tag-gehen-in-deutschland-128-000-patienten-zum-heilpraktiker/

Rey, R. (1995). “Vitalism, Medicine and Society.” In: Porter, R. Medicine in the Enlightenment. pp. 274-288. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Reyes, R.S.M. (2016). “Deleuze’s Bergsonism: Multiplicity, Intuition, and the Virtual.” Kritike 10(2):151-172.

Rheinberger, H. (1998). “From the ‘originary phenomenon’ to the ‘system of pelagic fishery’: Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and the relation between physiology and philosophy.” In: K. Bayertz and R. Porter (Eds.): From Physico-Theology to Bio-Technology: Essays in the Social and Cultural History of Biosciences, A Festschrift for Mikulás Teich. pp. 133-152. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.

Reinhold, A.F. (1898). Nature vs. Drugs: A Challenge to the Drugging Fraternity. New York, NY: A.F. Reinhold.

Richards, D.W. (1960). Homeostasis: Its Dislocations and Perturbations. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 3(2):238-251.

Richardson, B.W. (1884-1895). The Asclepiad, a Book of Original Research and Observation in the Science, Art, and Literature of Medicine, Preventive and Curative, in 11 Volumes. London: Longmans, Green and Co.

Richardson-Boedler, C. (1999). “The doctrine of signatures: A historical, philosophical and scientific view (I).” British Homeopathy Journal. 88(4):172-177.

Richardson-Boedler, C. (2000). The doctrine of signatures: A historical, philosophical and scientific view (II).” British Homeopathy Journal. Jan;89(1):26-28.

Richardson, J., and Saks, M. (2013). “Researching orthodox and complementary and alternative medicine.” In: Saks, M. and Allsop, J. (Eds.) Researching Health: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods. London, UK: Sage, 2nd ed.

Richter, John T., DC, ND, and Richter, Vera, M. (1959). Nature the Healer. Splitter, Henry W. (Ed.)  Los Angeles, CA: John T. Richter.

Rikli, A. (1890). Die grundlehren der naturheilkunde. Leipzig, Germany: L. Fernau.

Riley, J.S. (1921). “Benedict Lust: A Tribute to the Leader of the Drugless World.” (Poem). Naturopath and Herald of Health. 26:525.

Riley, J.S. (1924). Conquering Units, or the Mastery of Disease. Washington, D.C.: Published by the author.

Risse, G.B. (1999). Mending bodies, saving souls: A history of hospitals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Ritchey, K. (2007). U.S. History of Physician Evolution. (Unpublished manuscript.)

Ritter, J.C. (1991). “The roots of Western States Chiropractic College, 1904-1932.” Chiropractic History. 11(2):19-24.

Rizvi, Sajjad H. “Avicenna (Ibn Sina),” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed May 29, 2022: https://iep.utm.edu/avicenna-ibn-sina/

Robinson, J.T. (1909). “A system of autocracies.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 14(2):116-118.

Robinson, J.T. (1908). “The medical trust in the United States.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 9(3):89-92.

Robinson, J.T. (1910). “The National Bureau of Health.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 15(9):555-556.

Rogal, Samuel J. (1978). “Pills for the Poor: John Wesley’s Primitive Physick.” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Jan-Feb; 51(1):81-90.

Rogers, Naomi. (1998). An Alternative Path: The Making and Remaking of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press.

Roos, Anna Marie. (2007). The Salt of the Earth: Natural Philosophy, Medicine, and Chymistry in England, 1650-1750. Leiden: Brill.

Rosen, R. (2008). On becoming a profession: The challenges and choices that will determine our future. (White paper).

Rosen, W. (2017). Miracle Cure: The Creation of Antibiotics and the Birth of Modern Medicine. New York, NY: Viking Press.

Rosenberg C. (1977.) “The therapeutic revolution: medicine, meaning and social change in nineteenth century America.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 20(4):485-506.

Rosenberg, C.E. (Ed.). (2003). Right Living: An Anglo-American Tradition of Self-Help Medicine and Hygiene. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Rosenthal, S.F. (1986). A Sociology of Chiropractic. Lewiston, ME: Edwin Mellen Press.

Ross, Anamaria Iosif. (2012). The Anthropology of Alternative Medicine. Routledge.

Ross, J. (1878). “Are There Laws of Therapeutics?” The Practitioner. 20:423-434.

Rothschuh, K.E. (1981). “History of naturopathy (I). Naturism as the philosophical basis of naturopathy. Introduction: what do we mean by naturopathy?” Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin, 57(13):1011.

Rothschuh, K.E. (1983). Naturheilbewegung, reformbewegung, alternativbewegung [Nature cure movement, reform movement, alternative movement]. Stuttgart, Germany: Hippokrates.

Rothstein, W.G. (1992). American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Rubens, D. (1993). “The legitimation of chiropractic: The first thirty years, 1900-1935.” Chiropractic History. 13(1):17-23.

Rudolf, W. (1908). “Homeopathy and its relation to naturopathy.” Naturopath and Herald of Health.

Rutgers University. (2008). Knowledge about knowledge: Knowledge management in organizations. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University. Accessed Aug 11, 2017: http://eclipse.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2014/04/Knowledge.pdf

Rutkow, I.M. (1992). History of Surgery in the United States 1775–1900: Periodical and Pamphlet Literature. San Francisco: Norman Publishing, 1992.

Ryan, K.L. (2018). “Walter B. Cannon’s World War I experience: treatment of traumatic shock, then and now.” Advances in Physiology Education. 42:267-276.

Saine, A. (2008). The Rational Basis of “Nature Cure” Naturopathic Gathering, SCNM — November 15, 2008. Accessed Aug 8, 2016: https://www.homeopathy.ca/articles_det25.shtml

Saks, M. (1997). “Alternative therapies: Are they holistic?” Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery. 3: 4-8.

Saks, M. (2010). “Analyzing the professions: The case for the neo-Weberian approach.” Comparative Sociology. 9(6):887-915.

Saks, M. (2015). “Inequalities, marginality and the professions.” Current Sociology. 63(6):850-868.

Saks, M. (2000). “Medicine and the counterculture.” In: R. Cooter and J. Pickstone. (Eds.) Medicine in the Twentieth Century. Amsterdam, NL: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Saks, M. (2003). Orthodox and Alternative Medicine – Politics, Professionalization, and Health Care. London, UK: Sage.

Saks, M. (2008). “Policy dynamics: Marginal groups in the healthcare division of labour in the UK.” In: E. Kuhlmann and M. Saks. (Eds.) Rethinking Professional Governance, Bristol, UK: Policy Press.

Saks, M. (2005). “Political and historical perspectives.” In: T. Heller, G. Lee-Treweek, J. Katz, J. Stone and S. Spurr. (Eds.) Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine. London, UK: Routledge.

Saks, M. (2015). “Power and Professionalisation in CAM: A sociological approach.” In: N.K. Gale and J.V. McHale. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Perspectives from Social Science and Law. London, UK: Routledge. pp. 30-40.

Saks, M. (2002). “Professionalization, regulation and alternative medicine.” In: Allsop, J. and Saks, M. (Eds.) Regulating the Health Professions. London, UK: Sage.

Saks, M. (1995). Professions and the Public Interest: Medical Power, Altruism and Alternative Medicine. London, UK: Routledge.

Saks, M. (1992). “The paradox of incorporation: Acupuncture and the medical profession in modern Britain.” In: Saks, M. (Ed.) Alternative Medicine in Britain. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Saks, M. (1999). “The wheel turns? Professionalisation and alternative medicine in Britain.” Journal of Interprofessional Care. 13:129-138.

Salaman, C.. (2007). Asclepius: The Perfect Discourse of Hermes Trismegistus. London: Duckworth.

Sarah Read Adamson Dolley. (2021). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Medical Center. Accessed June 3, 3021: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/libraries/miner/rare-books-and-manuscripts/archives-and-manuscripts/non-faculty-collections/sarah-read-adamson-dolley.aspx

Sarris, J., and Wardle, J. (2014). Clinical Naturopathy: An Evidence-based Guide to Practice. Marrickville: Elsevier Australia.

Saunders, J.B. de C.M. (1963). The Transitions from Ancient Egyptian to Greek Medicine. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas.

Schleich, David J. (2005). From Nature-Cure to Naturopathic Medicine: The Institutionalizing of Naturopathic Medical Education in Ontario. Toronto, ON, Canada: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto.

Schlesinger, A. (1967). “On the writing of contemporary history.” The Atlantic. Accessed June 6, 2018): https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1967/03/on-the-writing-of-contemporary-history/305731

Schloss, J., McIntyre E., Steel, A., Bradley, R., et al. (2019). “Lessons from Outside and Within: Exploring Advancements in Methodology for Naturopathic Medicine Clinical Research.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):135-140.

Schon, DA. (1963) Development of Concepts. London: Tavistock Publications.

Schramm, A. (Ed.) (1945). Year Book of the International Society of Naturopathic Physicians. Los Angeles, CA: International Society of Naturopathic Physicians.

Schramm, A. (Ed.) (1948). Year Book of the International Society of Naturopathic Physicians. Los Angeles, CA: International Society of Naturopathic Physicians.

Schubert-Soldern, R. (1962). Mechanism and Vitalism. Philosophical Aspects of Biology. (P.G. Fothergill, Ed.). Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame Press.

Schultes, R.E., and Reis, S.V. (1995). Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

Schultz, C. (1908). “An open letter to the public.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 9(11):342-343.

Schultz, C. (1905). “Naturopathy: what it is, what it does, and why it is opposed by the medical trust.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 16(8):216-219.

Schultz, S. (1998). “A Century of (epithelial) transport physiology: from vitalism to molecular cloning.” American Journal of Physiology. 274 (Cell Physiol 43):C13-C23.

Schulze, W.C. (1917). A Text Book of the Diseases of Women: A Guide to Their Diagnosis and Their Treatment by Physiological Therapeutics; for the use of Students and Practitioners. Chicago, IL: National Publishing Association.

Schulze, W.C. (1931). “Basic science bills.” National (College) Journal of Chiropractic. 11(14):3.

Schulze, W.C. (1932). “The future of Chiropractic: an inventory of our assets and liabilities.” Journal of the International Chiropractic Congress. 1(5):16.

Schulze, W. C. (1934). “The Northwest convention tour: Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Washington, Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, Ontario, Indiana and Ohio.” National College Journal of Chiropractic. 7(4):3-4, 6, 8.

Scudder, J.M. (1870). Specific Medication and Specific Medicines. Cincinnati, OH: Wilstach, Baldwin & Co.

Scudder, J.M. (1898). The American Eclectic Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Cincinnati, OH: Wilstach, Baldwin & Co.

Scudder, J.M. (1884). The Eclectic Practice of Medicine. Cincinnati, OH: Medical Pub. Co.

Scudder, J M. (1900). The Principles of Medicine. Cincinnati, OH: Scudder Brothers Company.

Siegler, Mark. (1981). “Searching for Moral Certainty in Medicine: A Proposal for a New Model of the Doctor-Patient Encounter.” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. Jan-Feb; 57(1):56-69.

Senzon, S.A. (2014). “Chiropractic professionalization and accreditation: An exploration of the history of conflict between worldviews through the lens of developmental structuralism.” Journal of Chiropractic Humanities. 21:25-48.

Shah, M.M.M. “Doctor-patient relationship: History, current models and flaws.” Bart’s & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry.* (https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/members/divisions/london/london-essay-prizes/mehdin-shah—london-division-medical-students’-prize-2018.docx)

Shapiro, A.K., and Shapiro, E. (1997). The Powerful Placebo: From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sharma, U. (1995). Complementary Medicine Today: Practitioners and Patients. London, UK: Routledge, revised edition.

Shehata, M. (2004). “The father of medicine – A Historical Reconsideration.” Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics. 12:171-176.

Shelton, Herbert M. (1922; 2nd Ed. 1954). An Introduction to Natural Hygiene. San Antonio, TX: Dr. Shelton’s Health School.

Shelton, Herbert M. (1951). Food Combining Made Easy. San Antonio, TX: Dr. Shelton’s Health School.

Shelton, Herbert M. (1928). Human Life: Its Philosophy and Laws – An Exposition of the Principles and Practices of Orthopathy. San Antonio, TX: Dr. Shelton’s Health School.

Shelton, H.M. (1949). “Keeping naturopathy’s record straight.” Dr. Shelton’s Hygienic Review. 11:88-91.

Shelton, Herbert M. (1939). The Hygienic System. Vols.1-7. San Antonio, TX: Dr. Shelton’s Health School.

Shephard, R.J. (2015). “The Middle-Ages: Monasteries, Medical Schools and the Dawn of State Health Care.” In: An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, vol. 39. pp. 241-346. Springer, Cham. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11671-6_4}

Shepard, W.P. (1948). “The professionalization of public health.” American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 38(1_Pt_2):145-153.

Sherk, H., Jackson, J.Z. (2012). “James Still: The Black Doctor of the Pines, MD.” MDAdvisor, Fall 2012. Accessed Sept. 13, 2013: http://www.mdmc-law.com/tasks/sites/mdmc/assets/Image/jackson2.pdf

Shimohara, K. (2005). “Network Simulations for Relationality Design – An Approach Toward Complex Systems.” In: R.J. Howlett, and L.C. Jain. Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems. pp. 434-441. Berlin/Heidelberg, DE: Springer.

Shortt, S.E.D. (1983). “Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century.” Medical History. 27(1):51.

Shryock, R. H. (1965). Medical Licensing in America, 1650-1965. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Shryock, R. H. (1949). “Quackery and Sectarianism in American medicine.” Scalpel. 91-97.

Shryock, R. H. (1947). The Development of Modern Medicine. New York, NY: Knopf.

Sibbald, M., and Neville, A. (2016). “A hundred years of basic science in medical education.” Perspectives on Medical Education. 5(3):136-137.

Siddiqui, M.A., Mehta, N.J., and Khan, I.A. (2003). Paracelsus: the Hippocrates of the Renaissance. Journal of Medical Biography. 11(2):78-80.

Sigerest, H.E. (1942). “American spas in historical perspective.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 11(2):133-147

Silverberg, R. (1967). The Dawn of Medicine. Putnam: New York, NY.

Simpson, J.K. (2012). “The five eras of Chiropractic and the future of Chiropractic as seen through the eyes of a participant observer.” Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. 20(1):1.

Singer, E.A. (1934). “Beyond mechanism and vitalism.” Philosophy of Science. 1:273-295.

Singer, E.A. (1946). “Mechanism, vitalism, naturalism: A logico-historical study.” Philosophy of Science. 13:81-99.

Smith-Cunnien, S L. (1998). A Profession of One’s Own: Organized Medicine’s Opposition to Chiropractic. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Smith, H.E. (Ed.). (n.d.). National Board of Naturopathic Examiners: History. New York, NY.  (Pamphlet)

Smith, J.E.H. (Ed.) (2017). Embodiment: A History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Smith, M.K. (2003, 2009). “Jean Lave, Etienne Wenger and communities of practice.” The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Accessed June 6, 2017: www.infed.org/biblio/communities_of_practice.htm.

Smith, T.S.J., and Reid, L. (2017). “Which ‘being’ in wellbeing? Ontology, wellness and the geographies of happiness.” Progress in Human Geography. 42(6):807-829.

Smuts, J. C. (1926). Holism and Evolution. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Snider, P. (2007). Accountability and Soul – The Journey of An Emerging Profession. Plenary Session. International Association of Yoga Therapists Conference. 2007.

Snider, P. (2000). Emerging Professions Benchmarks and Continua. Unpublished manuscript submission to Center for the Health Professions Task Force on Developing a Model for Emerging Professions.

Snider, P. (2001). National policy dialogue terms and definitions. National Policy Dialogue to Advance Integrated Health Care: Finding Common Ground Conference Manual. Washington, DC: Georgetown University. Available on request; Integrative Health Policy Consortium, Conifer Colorado. www.ihpc.org.

Snider, P., Zeff, J., Milliman, B., Wilson, K., Wulsin, W., and Glidden, P. (1989). “Definition of Naturopathic Medicine Position Paper.” Adopted by AANP House of Delegates 1989. AANP Convention; Rippling River, Oregon.

Solinger, R. (1996). The Abortionist: A Woman Against the Law. Old Tappan, NJ: Free Press.

Sommer, W. (1925). “Die Naturheilkunde in Amerika [Nature Cure in America]”. Der Naturarzt. 53:316-317

Sorrel, Margaret. (2010) Charlotte Weaver: Pioneer in Cranial Osteopathy. Cranial Academy. Indianapolis, IN: The Osteopathic Cranial Academy.

Spaulding, F.G. (1956). “New college organized.” Journal of the AANP. 9(3):6.

Spitler, H.R. (Ed.). (1948). Basic Naturopathy. Des Moines, IA: American Naturopathic Association.

Spitler, H.R. (1941) Syntonic Principle; Its Relation to Health and Ocular Problems. Eaton , Ohio: College of Syntonic Optometry.

Sprengell, C.J. “Natura Morborum Medicatrix.” In: G.M. Purman, (Ed.): Chirurgia Curiosa (London, 1706). 319-343.

Staden, L. (1902). “Acute and chronic disease.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 16.

Staden, L. (1902). “How naturopathy cures.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 190-193.

Staden, L. (1902). “Naturopathic adviser.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 46.

Stahnisch, F.W., and Verhoef, M. (2012). “The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012: 647896.*

Stampolidis, N.C.Y., and Tassoulas, Y. (Eds.) (2014). Hygieia, Health, Illness, Treatment from Homer to Galen. Athens, GR: Museum of Cycladic Art, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports.

Standish, L.J., Calabrese, C., and Snider, P. (2005). The Naturopathic Medical Research Agenda: The Future and Foundation of Naturopathic Medical Science. A Report Produced through a grant from the National Institutes of Health. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

Stanford Research Institute. (1960). Chiropractic in California. Los Angeles, CA: Haynes Foundation.

Stange R. (2013). “[Academization of naturopathy and complementary medicine in the German language area].” Forsch Komplementmed 20(1):58-64. [German]

Stanton, L. (1870). “Reformed Medicine and Its Conflicts, Reminiscences from the Earlier Years of the Present Century, Legislation, Etc.” In: Transactions of the New York State Eclectic Medical Society. Vol IV. pp. 226-232. Albany, NY: Argus Co.

Stargrove, M.B. (1989-2023). History of Medicine curriculum. National College of Naturopathic Medicine and Oriental College of Oriental Medicine.

Stargrove, M.B., Snider, P., et al. (2011). Naturopathic medicine history and professional formation timeline v. 2.0 agency review including benchmarks. (Unpublished PDF).

Starr, P. (2009). “Professionalization and public health: historical legacies, continuing dilemmas.” Journal of Public Health Management and Practice. 15(6 Suppl):S26-30.

Starr, P. (1982). The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Steel, A., Goldenberg, J.Z., Hawrelak, J.A., et al. (2020). “Integrative physiology and traditional naturopathic practice: results of an international observational study.” Integrative Medicine Research. 9:100424.

Steuer, R.O., and Saunders, J.B. de C.M. (1959). Ancient Egyptian and Cnidian Medicine: The Relationship of Their Aetiological Concepts of Disease. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Stewart, D.B. (1972). The Concept of Metaphor. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.

Stolberg, M. (2011). Experiencing Illness and the Sick Body in Early Modern. Unglaub, L. and Kennedy, L. (Transl.) Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Stollberg, G. (2005). “Vitalism and Vital Force in Life Sciences – The Demise and Life of a Scientific Conception.” Bielefeld Institute for Global Society Studies, Bielefeld University: Bielefeld, Germany. Accessed Oct. 22, 2021: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.7642&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Stone, J., Katz, J. (2005). “Can complementary and alternative medicine be classified?” In: Heller, T., Lee-Treweek, G., Katz, J., et al. (Eds.) Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine. London, UK: Routledge.

Strouhal, E., Vachala, B., and Vymazalová, H. (2015). The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. 1. Cairo, EG: The American University in Cairo Press.

Strouhal, E. (2021). The Medicine of the Ancient Egyptians, vol. 2. Internal Medicine. Cairo, EG: The American University in Cairo Press.

Sturmberg, J.P., Getz, L.O., Stange, K.C., et al. (2021). “Beyond multimorbidity: What can we learn from complexity science? Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 27:1187-1193.

Sturmberg, J.P., Martin C.M., and Katerndahl, D.A. (2014). “Systems and Complexity Thinking in the General Practice Literature: An Integrative, Historical Narrative Review.” Ann Fam Med. 12(1):66-74.

Sullivan, W. M. (2008). “Formation of professionalism and purpose: Perspectives from the preparation for the professions program.” University of St. Thomas Law Journal. 5(2):4.

Sweet, Victoria. (2006). Rooted in the Earth, Rooted in the Sky: Hildegard of Bingen and Premodern Medicine. New York and London: Routledge.

Teixeira, M. Z. (1999). “Similitude in modern pharmacology.” British Homeopathy Journal. 88(3):112-120.

Taylor, T., (Transl.). (1792, 1999). The Orphic Hymns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Temkin, O. (1973). Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosopher. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Temkin, O. (1991). Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians. Baltimore, MD/London, UK: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ten Have, Henk. (1995). “The anthropological tradition in the philosophy of medicine.” Theoretical Medicine. 16:3-14.

“The American Medical Association. Power, purpose and politics in organized medicine.” (1954). Yale Law Journal. 63(7):937-1022.

The Bureau of Economic and Business Research. (1958). Survey of Naturopathic Schools: Prepared for the Utah State Medical Association. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah.

“The first woman doctor.” (1911). The Medical Sentinel. 19(1):23-24.

Thirion, R. (1913). “Osteopathy not a new science of healing.” Naturopath and Herald of Health. 574-578.

Thomas, R.L. (Ed.). (1907). The Eclectic Practice of Medicine (2nd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Scudder Brothers.

Thompson, C.J.S. (1929). The Quacks of Old London. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.

Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in Life. Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Thompson, W.I. (1998). Coming Into Being: Artifacts and Texts in the Evolution of Consciousness. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

Thompson, W.I. (1983). “Four Cultural Ecologies.” Resurgence (England). Reprinted in the United States in The Annals of Earth Stewardship, Falmouth, MA.

Thompson, W.I. (2004; 2009). Self and Society: Studies in the Evolution of Culture (Revised and enlarged ed.). Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic.

Thompson, W.I. (1996). The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Thomson, S. (1822). New Guide to Health; Or Botanic Family Physician to Which is Prefixed a Narrative on the Life and Medical Discoveries of the Author. Boston, MA: E. G. House.

Thorndike, L. (1923). A History of Magic and Experimental Science. 8 Volumes. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Thornhill, J.T. (2020). “A Vitalism Ethos and the Chiropractic Health Care Paradigm.” Journal of Chiropractic Humanities. Dec; 27: 59-81.

Thornton, R.J., and Timmons, E.J. (2015). “The de-licensing of occupations in the United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics.” Monthly Labor Review. 138:1. Accessed January 3, 2017: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/pdf/the-de-licensing-of-occupations-in-the-united-states.pdf.

Thurston, J.M. (1900). The Philosophy of Physiomedicalism: Its Theorem, Corollary, and Laws of Application for the Cure of Disease. Richmond, IN: Nicholson Printing & Mfg. Co.

Tilden, J.H. (1926-1935). Toxemia Explained. Denver: J.H. Tilden.

Timmermann, C., and Cantor, D. (Ed.) (2001). “A Model for the ‘New Physician’? Hippocrates in Interwar Germany.” In: Reinventing Hippocrates (pp. 302-324). Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing.

Tippens, K.M., Oberg, E., and Bradley, R. (2012, June). “A dialogue between naturopathy and critical medical anthropology: Toward a broadened conception of holistic health.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 26(2):257-270.

Tobin, R. (2001). Doctor’s Orders: Goethe and Enlightenment Thought. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont.

Tobyn, Graeme. (2024). “Culpeper’s herbal The English Physitian and its debt to apothecary John Parkinson.” Medical History. 1-17. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/culpepers-herbal-the-english-physitian-and-its-debt-to-apothecary-john-parkinson/C33112111DCF59B82B8911C03B34C897]

Tobyn, G. (2013). Culpeper’s Medicine: A Practice of Western Holistic Medicine (2nd ed.). London, UK: Singing Dragon.

Tobyn, G., Denham, A., and Whitelegg, M. (2011). The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years of Medicinal Plant Knowledge. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone.

Todd, J. (1991). “Bernarr Macfadden: Reformer of feminine form.” Iron Game History. Austin, TX: University of Texas.

Tomasi, D. L. (2016). Medical Philosophy: A Philosophical Analysis of Patient Self-Perception in Diagnostics and Therapy. Stuttgart, DE: Ibidem Press.

Toulmin, S. (2005). “Human understanding: The collective use and evolution of concepts.” Clarendon P., Oxford, 1972. Cited in K.T. Rainey, Approaches to professionalism – a codified body of knowledge. IEEE International Professional Communication 2013 Conference. Limerick, Ireland.

Tracy, S.W. (1992). “George Draper and American constitutional medicine, 1916-1946: reinventing the sick man.” Bull Hist Med. Spring;66(1):53-89.

Traub, M., and Quinn, S. (Eds.). (2001). National policy dialogue to advance integrated health care: Finding common ground. Integrated Health Care Policy Consortium. Accessed June 6, 2017: http://www.ihpc.org/wp-content/uploads/NPDFR.pdf

Truman, D. (1951). The Governmental Process. New York, NY: Knopf.

Tsai, Gawin, and Veazey Brooks, Joanna. (2022) “Professional Jurisdictions and Intraprofessional Identity Dynamics: Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine and the Doctors of General Medicine.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 77(3 July):291-315.

Tschanz, D.W. (2003). “Arab Roots of European Medicine.” Heart Views. 4(2):9.

Tsouyopoulos, N. (1984). “German Philosophy and the Rise of Modern Clinical Medicine.” Theoretical Medicine. Oct;5(3):345-357.

Turbayne, C.M. (1962) The Myth of Metaphor. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

Turner, C. (1931). The Rise of Chiropractic. Los Angeles, CA: Powell Publishing Co.

Turner, R.N. (1984). Naturopathic Medicine: Treating the Whole Person. Wellingborough, UK: Thorsons.

Turska, W.A. (1953). “Catechism of naturopathy.” Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. 4:9-11.

Turska, W.A. (1976). “Drugless Physician – A Misnomer?” Naturopathic Student News. 2:5.

Turska, W.A. (1956). “Naturae medicine therapeusis and rationale.” Journal of the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. 4:5.

Turska, W.A. (1984). Thumb-nail Review of Naturopathic Medicine. Portland, OR: National College of Naturopathic Medicine.

UEN France: L’ACTIVITE DU NATUROPATHE EN FRANCE. [n.d.] Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: http://www.naturopathy-union.eu/pdf/UEN_France.pdf

Ullman, Dana. (1979). “The Philosophical and Historical Roots of Holistic Approaches to Health,” Holistic Health Review. 3(2 Winter):132-142. https://homeopathic.com/the-philosophical-and-historical-roots-of-the-holistic-approaches-to-health/

United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (1983). Wilk v. American Medical Association, 735 F.2d 217, 7th Cir. 1983.

United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. (1987). Wilk v. American Medical Association, 671 F. Supp. 1465 (N.D. Ill. 1987)

Unschuld, P. U. (1985). Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Utah Legislative Council Staff. (1958). A study of the healing arts with particular emphasis upon naturopathy: A report to the Utah Legislative Council. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Legislature.

van Bladel, K. (2009). The Arabic Hermes: From Pagan Sage to Prophet of Science. Oxford studies in Late Antiquity. Oxford, UK/New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Veatch, Robert M. (2008). Patient, Heal Thyself: How the “New Medicine” Puts the Patient in Charge. New York: Oxford University Press.

Verhoef, M.J., Boon, H.S., and Mutasingwa, D.R. (2006). “The scope of naturopathic medicine in Canada: An emerging profession.” Social Science and Medicine. 63(2):409-417.

Vesalius, Andreas (1633). Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis Epitome anatomica. apud Henricum Laurentii bibliopolam.

Vickers, B. (Ed.). (1984). Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Villanueva-Russell, Y. (2008). “An Ideal-Typical Development of Chiropractic, 1895–1961: Pursuing Professional Ends Through Entrepreneurial Means.” Social Theory and Health. 6(3):250-272.

Vogel, V. J. (1977). “American Indian influence on the American pharmacopeia.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 2(1):3-7.

Vogel, V.J. (1970). American Indian Medicine. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press.

von Ehrenheim, H.A. (2021). “Placebo factors at healing sanctuaries in pagan and early Christian times.” Trends in Classics. 13:95 -121.

von Lippe, A. (1865). Who is a homoeopathician? A lecture delivered before the Hahnemannian Institute, Philadelphia, February 17th, 1865. Philadelphia, PA: King & Baird.

Vucetich, J.A., Bruskotter, J.T., and Nelson, M.P. (2015). “Evaluating whether nature’s intrinsic value is an axiom of or anathema to conservation.” Conservation Biology. Apr;29(2):321-332.

Waddington, I. (1984). The Medical Profession in the Industrial Revolution. London, UK: Gill and Macmillan.

Waisse, Silvia. (2012). “The science of high dilutions in historical context”. Homeopathy, Apr;101(2):129-137. [https://www.academia.edu/10799280/The_science_of_high_dilutions_in_historical_context]

Waisse, S., Amaral, M.T., and Alfonso-Goldfarb, A.M. (2011). “The roots of French vitalism: Bordeu and Barthez, between Paris and Montpellier”. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos. 18(3):625-640.

Wallis, R., and Morley, P. (Eds.) (1976). Marginal Medicine. London, UK: Peter Owen.

Walker, A. E. (1960). Sir Geoffrey Jefferson: Selected papers. Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, IL.

Walker, A. (1694). The Vertuous Wife: Or, the Holy Life of Mrs. Elizabeth Walker, Late Wife of A. Walker, D.D. Sometime Rector of Fyfield in Essex: Giving a Modest and Short Account of Her Exemplary Piety and Charity. Published for the Glory of God, and Provoking Others to the Like Graces and Vertues. With Some Useful Papers and Letters Writ by Her on Several Occasions. London: Printed for N. R. and sold by J. Robinson, A. and J. Churchill, J. Taylor, and J. Wyat. Accessed Aug. 12, 2017: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A96727.0001.001

Walter I. (1992). Chiropractic: History and Evolution of a New Profession. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book.

Wardle, J. (2017). “The extraordinary complexities in defining complementary medicine.” Advances in Integrative Medicine. 4:89-90. (Editorial)

Wardwell, W. I. (1992). Chiropractic: History and Evolution of a New Profession. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier.

Wartofsky, N.W. (1967) “Metaphysics as a Heuristic for Science.” In: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science III. R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (Eds.) pp. 123-172. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel Pub Company.

Wassamer, L.C, and Payne, C.K. (1951). Butler New Jersey: In Story and Pictures. Butler: Argus.

Watkins, J.W.N. (1958). “Confirmable and Influential Metaphysics.” Mind. XVII:344-365.

Wear, A. (Ed.). (1992). Medicine in Society: Historical Essays. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Wear, A. (2000). Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550-1680. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Webster, C. (2002). “Paracelsus, Paracelsianism, and the secularization of the worldview.” Science in Context. 15(1):9-27.

Webster, Herbert T. (1899). New Eclectic Medical Practice; Designed for Students and Practitioners. Oakland, CA: Webster Medical Publishing Co.

Webster, Herbert T. (1898). Dynamical Therapeutics: A Work Devoted to the Theory and Practice of Specific Medication, with Special Reference to the Newer Remedies, with a Clinical Index, Adapting It to the Needs of the Busy Practitioner. Oakland, CA: Webster Medical Publishing Co.

Webster, Herbert T. (1891). The Principles of Medicine as Applied to Dynamical Therapeutics – Designed as an Introduction to the Study of Eclectic Medicine. Oakland, CA: Webster Medical Publishing Co.

Weeks, A. (1997). Paracelsus: Speculative Theory and the Crisis of the Early Reformation. Albany, NY: SUNY.

Weeks, J. (2019). “The Early Movement for Research Evidence in Modern Naturopathy: Fighting Above Its Weight Class.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 25(2):125-128.

Wegner, E. (2006). Communities of practice: A brief introduction. Accessed August 2, 2012: http://www.ewenger.com/theory/index.htm

Wendel, P. (1945). Bloodless Surgery: With Technique and Treatments. New York, NY: Wendel.

Wendel, P. (1950). Naturopathic Farmacopeia: Naturopathic Physicians Guide. New York, NY: Wendel.

Wendel, P. (1950). Naturopathic Spinal Manipulative Technique. New York, NY: Wendel. New York, NY: Wendel.

Wendel, P. (1951). Standardized Naturopathy: The Science and Art of Natural Healing. American Naturopathic Physicians & Surgeons Assn, Inc.

Wesley, John. Primitive physick: or, an easy and natural method of curing most diseases. Philadelphia: Prichard & Hall.

Western States College Health Research Foundation. (1955). Minutes of meeting of the Health Research Foundation at Western States College, May 14, 1955. Portland, OR.

Western States College, School of Chiropractic and School of Naturopathy. (1938). General Information 1938-9: Schedule of Classes and Hours. Portland, OR. (Pamphlet)

Western States College, School of Chiropractic and School of Naturopathy. (1947). General Information: Schedule of Classes and Hours.  Portland, OR. (Pamphlet)

Western States College, School of Chiropractic and School of Naturopathy. (1933). Schedule of Classes and Hours. Portland, OR. (Pamphlet)

Western States College, School of Naturopathy. (1951). Annual Catalog: 1951-1952. Portland, OR. (Pamphlet)

Western States College, School of Naturopathy. (1954). Annual Catalog: 1954-1955. Portland, OR. (Pamphlet)

Western States College, Schools of Chiropractic and Naturopathy. (1952). Annual Catalog: 1952-1953. Portland, OR. (Pamphlet)

Wheeler, L.R. (1939) Vitalism: Its History and Validity. London, H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd..

Wheeler, W.M. (1926). “Emergent Evolution and the Social.” Science. Nov 5;64(1662):433-440.

White House. (2002). White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy and Report 2000-2002. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/whccamp/pdfs/fr2002_document.pdf

Whitney, J. (1994). “On Paracelsus, Swedenborg and Fractals.” Society of Homeopaths. 22:22-23.

WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine. (2019). World Health Organization. Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/312342

“Who we are.” (2022) Kneipp-Bund e.V. Federal Association For Health Promotion And Disease Prevention. Accessed Jan. 27, 2023: https://www.kneippbund.de/wer-wir-sind/

Whorton, James C. (2003). “Benedict Lust, Naturopathy, and the Theory of Therapeutic Universalism.” Iron Game History. 8(2):22-29. https://starkcenter.org/igh/igh-v8/igh-v8-n2/igh0802e.pdf

Whorton, James C. (2002). Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Wickkiser, B.L. (2008). Asklepios, Medicine, and the Politics of Healing in Fifth-Century Greece: Between Craft and Cult. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wilcocks, Charles. (1965). Medical Advance, Public Health and Social Evolution. Oxford, London, Edinburgh, New York, Paris, and Frankfurt: Pergamon.

Wilder, A. (1870). The New School of Medicine. Transactions of the New York State Eclectic Medical Society, Vol IV, Albany, NY: Argus Co., 800-809.

Wilder, A. (1904). The History of Medicine. A Brief Outline of Medical History and Sects of Physicians, from the Earliest Historic Period; with an Extended Account of the New Schools of the Healing Art in the Nineteenth Century, and Especially a History of the American Eclectic Practice of Medicine, Never Before Published. Augusta, ME: Maine Farmer Publishing. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23304739M/History_of_medicine.

Willard, F.E., and Livermore, M.A. (Eds.) (1893). A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-Seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life. Buffalo, NY: Charles Wells Moulton.

Williams, E.A. (2003). A Cultural History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier. Aldershot: Ashgate.

Williams, G.S., and Gunnoe, C.D. (Eds.). (2002). Paracelsian Moments: Science, Medicine, and Astrology in Early Modern Europe. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press.

Willis, E. (1989). Medical Dominance: Division of Labour in Australian Health Care. Sydney, AU: George Allen & Unwin Publishers.

Wilson, H., and James, F. (2012) The Origins and Professional Development of Chiropractic in Britain. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation.) University of Southampton, School of Social Sciences, Southampton, UK.

Winston, J. (2004). Homeopathy: Some notes and observations. Tawa, New Zealand.

Wisdom, J. (1969) “Metaphysics and Verification.” In: J. Wisdom (Ed.) Philosophy and Psycho-analysis. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

Witz, A. (1992). Professions and Patriarchy. London, UK: Routledge.

Wolfe, C.T. (2011). “From substantival to functional vitalism and beyond, or from Stahlian animas to Canguilhemian attitudes.” Eidos. 114:212-235.

Wolfe, C.T, and Wong, T.T.A. The Return of Vitalism: Canguilhem and French Biophilosophy in the 1960s. Accessed June 21, 2019: https://philpapers.org/archive/WOLTRO-8.pdf

Wolfe, C.T. (2015). “Was Canguilhem a Biochauvinist? Goldstein, Canguilhem and the Project of Biophilosophy.” In: Darian Meacham. Medicine and Society, New Perspectives in Continental Philosophy, 120. Springer, pp.197-212.

Wolinsky, F.D. (1980). The Sociology of Health: Principles, Professions and Issues. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.

Wood, M. (2000). Vitalism: The History of Herbalism, Homeopathy, and Flower Essences (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Woolf, S.H. (2018). “Failing Health of the United States.” (Editorial). British Medical Journal. 360:k496.

Woolley, B. (2004). Heal Thyself. Nicholas Culpeper and the Seventeenth-Century Struggle to Bring Medicine to the People. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

World Health Organization. (2005). National Policy on Traditional Medicine and Regulation of Herbal Medicines: Report of a WHO Global Survey. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.

World Medical Association. (1948). Declaration of Geneva Physician’s Oath. Accessed November 3, 2009: http://www1.va.gov/oro/apps/compendium/Files/Geneva.htm

World Naturopathic Federation. www.wnf.org

Worthen, D. B. (2009). “John Uri Lloyd 1849-1936: Wizard of American plant pharmacy.” Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 49(2):342-346.

Wuketits, F.M. (1989). “Organisms, vital forces, and machines: Classical controversies and the contemporary discussion ‘holism’ vs. ‘reductionism’. In: P. Hoyningen-Huene and F. M. Wuketits (Eds.) Reductionism and Systems Theory in the Life Sciences. pp. 3-28. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Wyatt, J.C. (2001). “Management of explicit and tacit knowledge.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 94:6-9.

Wycoff, E., and Holden, W. (1911/14-Oct. 1918). Bibliographical Contributions from the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati, Ohio. Cincinnati, OH: Lloyd Library and Museum.

Xenophontos, Sophia (Ed.) (2024). Medicine and Practical Ethics in Galen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yapijakis, C. (2009). “Hippocrates of Kos, the father of clinical medicine, and Asclepiades of Bithynia, the father of molecular medicine.” in vivo, 23(4):507-514.

Zarbuck, M.V. (1987). Historical naprapathy. Illinois Prairie State Chiropractic Association Journal of Chiropractic. 8(1):6-8.

Zeff, J.L. (1997). “The process of healing: a unifying theory of naturopathic medicine.” Journal of Naturopathic Medicine. 7:122-125.

Zeff, J.L., Snider, P., and Myers, S. A Hierarchy of Healing: The Therapeutic Order – A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine. In: J.E. Pizzorno, Jr., and M. Murray. (Eds.) (2006-2019). Textbook of Natural Medicine. (3rd-5th Ed.): Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.

Zuskin, E., Pucarin-Cvetkovic, J., Schachter, E.N., et al. (2008). “Women in medicine through the ages.” La Medicina del lavoro. 99(6):407-414.